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A thesis on bone cancer
A thesis on bone cancer
Essay on bone cancer
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Bone cancer can be hereditary even though it is a “rare type of cancer,” (McCoy 1). There are six different types of bone cancer including “Osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, Fibrosarcoma, Giant cell tumor, and Chordoma.” (McCoy 1) Each type of bone cancer specifies different locations in the body. Bone cancer is either called “primary (starts in bone tissue) or secondary (it traveled to the bone from another area of the body),” (McCoy 1) “The main cause of bone cancer is unknown”, according to McCoy, but “genetics play a major role in some cases” (McCoy 1). Symptoms to watch out for this type of cancer include “deep bone pain severe enough to wake you up, fever or night sweats, pain at the tumor location, unexplained weight loss, …show more content…
Like Pancreatic cancer, “Liver cancer is very vague in the early stages and the symptoms may go unnoticed” for a while. Liver cancer can cause symptoms which include: dark urine, confusion and increased sleepiness, weakness, loss of appetite, yellowing of the skin, unexplained weight loss and more,” (LaRusso-c 2). A person experiencing these symptoms may have to get the “following tests for a proper diagnosis including blood tests, a biopsy, laparoscopy. They may also have images take with an Angiogram, MRI scan, CT scan, or X-Rays,” (LaRusso-c 3) “The doctor will determine the stage of liver cancer the person has by completing a physical exam and combining all of the test results,” (LaRusso-c 3). The treatment received for Liver cancer depends on the stage of cancer the doctor determines. Unlike other cancers the “surgery is the only procedure used to try to cure liver cancer,” (LaRusso-c 3). To help reduce the chance of getting liver cancer people should be aware of the following risk factors: “infection with the hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus, infection with HIV, Cirrhosis of the liver, Alcohol use disorder, malnutrition, obesity, and more,” (LaRusso-c 1). In the case of Liver cancer there are some precautions that can be taken to reduce the chance of getting it. These precautions include: “always using a clean needle if needles are used to inject
This case study is about Abdul Chidiac, a 51 year old male, married with 4 children. He had a medical history of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and cirrhosis with two admissions in the last six months. He is a smoker and drinks beer, 5-6 bottles per day. As Carithers & McClain (2010) explained the patient’s medical history is another indicator of the risk for cirrhosis; the progression to cirrhosis is adaptable and may take time over weeks or many years. Cirrhosis is a liver disease characterized by permanent scarring of the liver that interferes with its normal functions including alcoholism. Most people who drink large amounts of alcohol cause harm to the liver in some way (Heidelbaugh & Bruderly, 2006). The cause of cirrhosis is not yet known, but the connection between cirrhosis and excessive alcohol ingestion is established (Jenkins & Johnson, 2010). Common causes of cirrhosis include: alcohol abuse, hepatitis B infection, hepatitis C infection and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (Schuppan & Afdhal, 2008).
Hypophosphatasia is a rare genetic bone disorder characterized by osteoblast hyperactivity and bone remodeling with loss of, or incomplete, mineral deposition. It is comparable to osteomalacia and rickets, but maintains a unique set of characteristic identifiers (Mornet 2008; Brickley and Ives 2008). Also called, Rathbun’s Syndrome, hypophosphatasia can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive depending on the individual. Severe forms are usually transmitted as autosomal recessive with a recurrence risk of 25 percent, while milder forms can be transmitted as either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive, with between 25-50 percent recurrence rates (Mornet 2008). Hypophosphatasia has an incidence rate of 1 in 100,000 live births (Brickley and Ives 2008; Wendling et al. 2001). In half of all cases, the condition is fatal.
Stemhagen A, Slade J, Altman R, Bill J. Occupational risk factors and liver cancer. A retrospective case-control study of primary liver cancer in New Jersey. American journal of epidemiology. Apr 1983;117(4):443-454.
Despite ongoing research, the cause of osteosarcoma is still unknown. Occurring in 2 persons per million per year (Michael et al., 2006) osteosarcoma is the most common primary tumor of the bone, but yet its incidence amongst malignant tumors is rare. However there are numerous factors that have been shown to effect prevalence. Osteosarcoma occurs predominantly in males, although the tumor does have a tendency to develop earlier in females (American Cancer Society, 2014). The risk of osteosarcoma is highest for people who are aged between 10 and 30. Most common however is during the teenage growth spurt, due to the rapid bone growth and higher chance of a mutation occurring in DNA replication. Height can also be a risk factor. Children with osteosarcoma are generally tall for their age, which again indicates a link to rapid bone growth. Osteosarcoma also appears to have a slightly higher prevalence in African Americans than other races. There is also evidence of genetic predisposition being a risk...
You look in the mirror and see that your skin and eyes seem a yellowish color, your legs and ankles are swollen, you have abdominal pain and swelling, your skin is also itchy, you have dark urine, and notice that your stool is a pale color. What do these symptoms mean? These are symptoms of damage to the liver. There are many ways to damage your liver like the use of alcohol, but a way you may not be aware of is the use of medication. Some medications when used repeatedly can cause liver damage, such as acetaminophen, also known as Tylenol.
Osteoporosis is associated with repeated fractures, tender bones, neck and back pain, a decrease in height as well as poor posture. There is a variety of factors that contribute to the development of osteoporosis. These include a calcium deficiency, possibly due to a poor diet, aging and old age, the loss of estrogen that comes with the onset of menopause in women, as well as genetics. There are several other diseases that contribute to osteoporosis such as Cushing’s Disease and rheumatoid arthritis. There are 40 million Americans who struggle with this disease, men as well as women although women are more likely to develop it due to the loss of estrogen during and post-menopause. The estrogen loss is a major factor in bone formation. Other factors include family members who have had the disease, smoking, and being on certain medications such as prednisone.
Liver disease resulting from alcohol affects more than two million Americans and is one of the primary causes of illness and death. The liver frees the body of harmful substances, such as alcohol. While the liver breaks down alcohol, it produces toxins that can be even more dangerous than the alcohol consumed (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 13). “These by-products damage liver cells, promote inflammation, and weaken the body’s natural defenses. Eventually, these problems can disrupt the body’s metabolism and impair the function of other organs” (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 13). A condition called steatosis is the result of fat build up in the liver and is the earliest stage of alcoholic liver disease. This condition causes the liver difficulty breaking down alcohol, potentially resulting in alcoholic hepatitis. Fibrosis of the liver, which is also related to heavy drinking, causes scar tissue to build up in the liver. The alcohol alters chemicals that the liver needs to break down this scar tissue, causing liver dysfunctions. If one does not refrain from drinking during the condition of fibrosis, the scar tissue can build up and create another condition, called cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is deterioration of the liver resulting from heavy scarring, causing the liver to not be able to function properly. If cirrhosis becomes severe, a liver transplant may be the only solution (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 14). It is difficult to calculate when a person would develop cirrhosis, because an alcoholic could never develop the disease, but someone who social drinks could. It is also unknown why cirrhosis is more prevalent in women (...
The primary cause of hepatic cirrhosis in the United States is long-term alcoholism. Men respond differently than women to alcohol. With women one or two drinks a day can cause them liver damage. Men can consume two to five drinks a day and be ok. One drink a day can create liver scarring. So like everything else in life it varies, it might affect everyone differently. The individual who drinks alcohol on a daily basis, or more often then others have a higher risk of developing cirrhosis. Hepatic cirrhosis has also been linked to serious liver infections such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Patients who are HIV positive have died from developing cirrhosis through the hepatitis virus. Other causes of cirrhosis come from reactions to prescribed medications, injuries to the liver, exposure to toxic substances, and episodes of heart failure with liver congestion. Obt...
Osteoporosis is a disease that is continuing to increase in numbers; as a result, the cost of care for individuals with the disease is also increasing. In 2005, seventeen billion dollars were spent to care for osteoporosis injuries. It is projected by 2050 that individuals over sixty-five years of age will increase from thirty-two million to sixty-nine million in the United States (AACE, 2010). Therefore more individuals will develop osteoporosis with age. From 2005 to 2025, with increasing age, estimated costs are expected to rise from seventeen billion dollars to twenty-five billion dollars (AACE, 2010). With outstanding projected figures, efforts to reverse the economical stance are focused on screenings, prevention, diagnosing, and treatment.
Bone diseases most directly influence the ability to walk or to move any part of the body--hands, limbs, neck, and spine. They are related to joint disorders--ARTHRITIS, COLLAGEN DISEASE, DISLOCATION of joints, and RHEUMATISM. The medical specialty pertaining to bone disorders is ORTHOPEDICS. Fractures are the most common bone disorders. They can occur as the result of an accident or be secondary to metabolic diseases.
Homeostasis is a system that is needed to regulate the internal parts of the body such as temperature or bone homeostasis. The process of homeostasis is important to ensure the internal body is kept stable and to keep the conditions within the body the same as this allows the body to function properly.
The main causes of liver failure include hepatitis B, hepatitis C, long-term alcohol consumption, cirrhosis and malnutrition (WebMD, n.d.). It is crucial that the affected person applies for a liver transplant. A liver transplant is an operation in which the patient’s damaged liver is replaced with a healthy liver from a donor. There are three main types of liver transplant: orthotopic transplant, the most common type of transplant, where the patient’s liver is replaced by a liver from a deceased donor; living donor transplant, where a living person willingly donates his liver for the patient; and split type of liver transplant: where the liver of a deceased donor is split into the two lobes and given to two recipients, applicable if the patients are an adult and a child ( The United States alone performs around 6,000 transplants a year (American Liver Foundation, 2013), and has performed 592,589 to date since 1988, according to OTPN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network) statistics. Patients have an 86% chance and a 78% chance of living one and three years after a transplant.
Liver cancer is abnormal cell growth on or within the liver. Liver cancer is either starts in the liver (called primary liver cancer) or it spreads to the liver (called metastatic liver cancer). Metastatic liver cancer is more common in United States and Western Europe, while primary liver cancer is common in third world nations. Liver cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. In the United States, it affects twice as many men as women; the average diagnosis age for liver cancer is 67.
The exact symptoms of bone cancer depend on the size of the tumour and location of it in the body. The most common symptom of bone cancer is bone pain. Initially you will experience a tenderness in the affected area which gradually progresses to a persistent ache that does not go away. It worsens
A fracture is a break, usually in a bone. Fractures commonly happen because of car accidents, falls or sports injuries (Fractures: MedlinePlus). Stress fractures, which are very tiny cracks in the bone, can occur when there is an overuse of the bone which is common with athletes(Fractures: MedlinePlus). You may also be prone to broken bones if you have osteoporosis or another bone disease which causes weakening of the bones (Fractures: MedlinePlus).When I fractured my wrist I experienced the bruising, numbness, loss of movement in my right hand and pain in my wrist. The doctor examined my wrist and told me that I had a hairline fracture. He came to this conclusion after performing an X-ray on my wrist. I was given muscle relaxants