Biometrics in security

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Introduction
The idea behind information security is that data, either personal or commercial, will only be viewed by those for whom it was intended and keeping unwanted eyes away. One of the most popular methods to secure data is the use of passwords and/or PIN numbers that only designated persons know. This type of securing information worked well when the password and/or PIN numbers follow a secure policy, but this method quickly fails when the designated persons that use the secure information mistreat the password and/or PIN numbers.5 The user may write down the key needed to access the information or simply tell it to someone who does not have access; then the information is no longer secure and problems arise. In the case of an organization, they may notice that information is being leaked to a rival and would need to find the source of the leak to prevent it from occurring again.
One of the most recent and secure ways to protect information is through the use of biometrics: which compares a user’s biometric data against the data stored in the system.5 The biometric system is designed to use the following four modules:
1. Sensor Module. The sensor module captures the biometric data from an individual.
2. Feature Extraction Module. The feature extraction module processes the biometric data to extract a feature set, or salient features. Any unnecessary or extraneous information from the feature extraction stage will be discarded. 3
3. Matcher Module. The matcher module compares the feature set against the stored templates in the database to generate matching scores.
4. System Database Module. The system database module is used to store the biometric templates of the enrolled users. 6
Types of Biometric Characteristics
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Accuracy
Unlike password or token based systems, a biometric system does not make a perfect match to grant or deny access. Biometrics can make two basic types of errors: false match and false non-match. In the false match error, the system incorrectly declares the match successful between the input biometric data of a non-matching person in the database. In the false non-match error, the biometric system incorrectly declares the match a failure between the input biometric data and a matching pattern in the database. 4 Along with the errors above, the failure to capture rate and the failure to enroll rate are used to demonstrate biometric system accuracy. The failure to capture rate occurs when the biometric signal is too faint and cannot be located by the system. The failure to enroll rate occurs when the system rejects poor quality inputs during enrollment. 3

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