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What really constitute knowledge
Assisted reproductive technology paper
Assisted reproductive technology paper
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Before going any further in my essay I will define one of the key words, the term ¨knowledge¨. This term presents more than one definition. For instance, the Cambridge dictionary definition is ¨understanding of or information about a subject that you get by experience or study, either known by one person or by people generally¨ . But today, referred to the statement ¨over time, knowledge has become more accurate¨, we have the purpose of studying if in different areas the knowledge they build in fact becomes more accurate as time passes by and new research is made. . An additional essential key word is ¨accurate¨, in particular since we, humans, are prisoners of this word. I say this because all the decisions we make in our life need to be ¨accurate¨ …show more content…
To develop this essay we will focus on Natural Science, ¨ a science or knowledge of objects or processes observable in nature, as biology or physics, as distinguished from the abstract or theoretical sciences, as mathematics or philosophy¨ and in History studies which definition is "the branch of knowledge that deals with past events; the formal record or study of past events, especially human affairs."
Linked to what I mention previously, I will focus on Natural Science. Knowledge can be acquired through Natural Science, Which has lots of roots such us physics, biology, geology, chemistry. The knowledge in science let us to comprehend the different processes and progression of world. There is knowledge from the pure science areas, such as the theory of relativity, big bang theory of evolution, to more applied science such as the investigation which has brought us antibiotics, electricity and all of our advanced technologies. The main aim of Biology studies is ¨to study the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution and distribution of living organisms¨ . To make this happen scientists have to
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Usually when someone talks about biology studies we are 99% sure that ¨over time knowledge has become more accurate¨ since scientists constantly come up with new knowledge. For instance, the assisted reproduction. Assisted reproduction can be defined as the set of techniques employed to treat infertility, and it implies the handling of gametes . In July 25, 1978 was the first case of baby, called Louise Brown that was born by this treatment. The method that was employed to prosper in this birth was “In Vitro Fertilization”. An ovum was taken from the mother and its unification with the semen in a research laboratory. After that, the embryo was separated into four cells and then it was entrenched back in the mother. The accomplishment of this initial In Vitro Fertilization led to the established of techniques which are now frequently recognized as Assisted Reproduction. At the beginning, estimated chances of success were rather low, but they were further improved over the years, since a greater number of well-trained professionals in the field of reproductive medicine
For many years, infertile couples have had difficulty facing the reality that they can not have children. According to Nidus Information Services Incorporated, 6.2 million women in the United States are infertile. This problem leads to many options. A few options have been used for a long period of time: the couple could adopt a child or keep trying to have a child themselves. For those couples that want to have their own children, there are new options arising. In vetro fertilization is an option that gives couples the chance to have a doctor combine the male's sperm and the woman's eggs in a petri dish and implant them into the woman's womb after the artificial conception. This may result in multiple pregnancies - more than five in some cases. This does not only occur in implantation, however. Many times the patient's doctor will ask her to consider selective reduction: aborting a few fetuses to save the ones she can. In a case of multiple pregnancy, selective reduction should be considered an option.
family and considering embryo reproduction. New medical and science technology in the embryo industry across the nation provide opportunities for childless couples to utilize technology advancements to assist with reproduction but with religion, moral and legal considerations when selecting this extra-ordinary process in today's society. All four sources function with detailed information regarding embryo reproduction and the impact and process effecting many couples with fertility issues. These sources provide valuable information for couples and prospective donors covering various topics critical to decision making during the embryo reproduction process.
In vitro fertilization is the process by which stem cells result. In vitro literally translates to “in glass” which is why the phrase “test tube baby” is common when referring to this act. In cases of infertility a woman can turn to this process which harvests eggs from a female and then fertilizes those eggs in a test tube. The fertilized eggs will then be matured in an incubator for one to two days before they are transferred into the woman. These same steps are taken when creating stem cells for experimentation, however, the fertilized...
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of procedures used to help those who want children but struggle with infertility. The process consists of extracting eggs from a woman and collecting a man’s sperm sample then manually combining them in a lab dish. Once the embryo(s) are created they are transferred to a woman’s uterus. IVF is commonly used in woman who cannot conceive on their own due to different reasonings. “These include but are not limited to blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, male factor infertility, woman with ovulation disorders, genetic disorders, woman who have had their fallopian tubes removed and unexplained infertility.” (American Pregnancy)
As explained by the above excerpt from The Mother Machine, artificial insemination is not a recent technological breakthrough. The procedure among huma...
In my opinion, In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is one of the greatest breakthroughs in Medical Biotechnology in the last 50 years. Finding out you are infertile can be heart-breaking and distressing. After trying for long periods of time, some couples are not able to conceive. Thankfully, this problem many couples have can be fixed by In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), a process that was developed and used in Britain first more than 30 years ago by Doctors Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards. In 1978, the world’s first IVF baby was born into the world and since thousands and thousands of babies have been born every year using this method.
The use of fertility treatments in recent years has been accompanied by an increase in the number of multiple births seen annually. The twin birth rate has increased by 59% since 1980, and the triplet and higher order multiples birth rate is up 423% (Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughter’s, 2004). There are two main forms of assisted reproductive therapy (ART) that are used currently. These are ovulation induction using fertility drugs alone and In vitro fertilization (IVF).
Test tube babies have long been stigmatized by society as the unnatural results of scientific dabbling. The words `test tube baby' have been used by school children as an insult, and many adults have seen an artificial means of giving birth as something perhaps only necessary for a lesbian woman, or a luxury item only available to the elite few. The reality is that assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have been helping infertile couples have children since 1978.1 The methods of in vitro fertilization, it's variants, and the other ART procedures are ways for persons that would otherwise have no hope of conception to conceive and, in a rapidly growing percentage of cases, give birth to healthy babies. As the technology has developed, the quality and range of assistance has developed as well. At present, the means of assisted reproduction and the capabilities of these procedures has grown at a somewhat dizzying pace. However, thought to the repercussions of the applications of ART are being disregarded to some extent while the public's knowledge and the understanding of embryologists and geneticists surges forward. It is possible given consideration to things such as the morality of these techniques, the unexplored alternative uses of these procedures, and the potential impact they posses that further development is unnecessary and possibly dangerous.
The idea of in vitro fertilization originated in the works of British geneticist and Oxford professor JBS Haldane (Milner). Haldane imagined the practice of “ectogenesis”, or pregnancy hosted in an artificial womb, in his 1924 book Daedalus (Rosen). Haldane’s book was the inspiration for Brave New World.... ... middle of paper ...
...t find anything new. This description points out the hindrances on humans’ acquisition of knowledge because of our finite biological capacities.
This opens the possibilities for the historian to research and thus history can be considered as a ‘Human Science’ (Smith). The major difference between history and human science is the way in which the scientist uses tools while the historian uses facts and figures. Feyerabend explains that an allegory presented by the human scientist depends on egotism, ideals, and the perspective of other forms of knowledge, and is not enveloped by method, evidence, reason or argument (Anderson 259). There is a big debate about whether social science is actually a science. J.S.Mill believes that while we can justify and discover unpretentious regularities in the physical world, we can also explore the connections between actions and thoughts through Mill’s Method on causation (Salmon).
Knowledge has a preliminary definition which is that it is justified true belief. Due to its dynamic nature, knowledge is subject to review and revision over time. Although, we may believe we have objective facts from various perceptions over time, such facts become re-interpreted in light of improved evidence, findings or technology and instigates new knowledge. This raises the questions, To what extent is knowledge provisional? and In what ways does the rise of new evidence give us a good reason to discard our old knowledge? This new knowledge can be gained in any of the different areas of knowledge, by considering the two areas of knowledge; History and Natural Sciences, I will be able to tackle these knowledge issues since they both offer more objective, yet regularly updated knowledge, which is crucial in order to explore this statement. I believe that rather than discarding knowledge we build upon it and in doing so access better knowledge, as well as getting closer to the truth.
Albert Einstein said, “We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if mankind is to survive.” This new manner of thinking should be based on pre-existing knowledge. This pre-existing knowledge is necessary because it is the catalyst that pushes the human race forward, making us want to discover more. Trying to discover completely new knowledge would not yield the same results. Basing your research off what you already know allows you to compare the new data that you collected to the old data that is already present. If you discover something new you will have nothing to compare it with. This does not allow you the luxury of seeing if what you discovered was an improvement. This essay will examine how important it is to discover new ways of thinking about prior knowledge than it is to discover new facts. I believe that using prior knowledge to push discovery is much more important than trying to discovers new data or facts.
Sir Robert Edwards was an English physiologist who always took an interest in the study of genetics. He was the mastermind behind the medical reproductive procedure called In-vetro fertilization (Johnson). Because of Sir Edwards’s extraordinary contribution to the medical field, women with predisposed fertility problems are possibly able to have children. Without IVF millions of people wouldn’t be living on Earth today. Although Sir Edwards IVF procedure is considered controversial, it certainly had, and continues to have, a huge impact on our society. Sir Edwards’ first successfu...
Our basic objective is to examine the scientific developments through history and how they affect human life and society. To meet that objective we will first develop tools to analyze the relationship between science and the increasingly complex decisions we have to make regarding the way we apply science for human welfare.