Topic 1: Navigating and Understanding NCBI Database
In a few sentences, explain why bioinformatics is such an important discipline for understanding gene structure and function.
Bioinformatics is very update with the information about the gene structure and function. It can locate a gene within a sequence as well as predict the structure and or function of a particular gene. By applying bioinformatics to understand different biological processes, it allows a more global perspective in design, to test hypotheses about a gene or a protein and as well as allowing us the ability to take advantage of upcoming technology.
How many exons does the ERS1 estrogen receptor contain?
ERS1 contains 10 exons.
What does the ATG code for and what is the role of the ATG?
ATG codes for start and the role of ATG is to start the translation process of the gene.
The sequence of the stop codon is TGA. What is the role of the stop codon?
The role of the stop codon is to stop the translation process of the gene.
What does CDS stand for? What is the difference between the gene and the CDS?
CDS stands for coding DNA sequence. CDS refers to the portion of the DNA sequence that is translated i.e. coding sequence.
CDS are the portion of a gene’s DNA which is composed of exons, that codes for a protein. The gene is a locatable region of genomic sequence composed of nucleic acids, that code for mRNAs.
What is the function of the polyA-signal?
The function of the polyA_signal is to dissociate the ribosome that is translating the gene, adds a PolyA tail to cut transcription and add on a long chain of adenine nucleotides to increase the stability of a molecule.
Topic 2: Understanding Gene Function
Why are the UTRs important components of an mRNA sequence?
UTRs are an important component of an mRNA sequence because they are involved in regulation and stability of translation.
Why are ORFs important and what is the consequence of a STOP codon inserted into a protein coding sequence?
ORFs (open reading frame) are important because it is located before the transcription termination point which is beyond the translation stop codon. If a stop codon were to be inserted into a protein coding sequence then transcription would cease and an incomplete protein would be made which could either be harmful or harmless.
What is post-translational modification?
Post-translated modification is when proteins are being modified after they're made, being either activated or inactivated.
Transcription factors are proteins that help turn specific genes "on" or "off" by binding to nearby DNA.
46- Kozak M. Rethinking some mechanisms invoked to explain translational regulation in eukaryotes. Gene. 2006; 382: 1-11.
Therefore, management happens at an exact particular location on the DNA template, called a promoter, here RNA polymerase suppress the DNA and starts transcription of the gene. Inside bacteria, varieties of connected genes are constantly conglomerated and transcribed into RNA from the individual promoter. The indicated conglomerates of genes reserved by an individual promoter are called operons. The three genes (ara B, araA, and araD) will code the three digestive enzymes included in the operation of arabinose being a conglomerate in what called the arabinose operon. The indicated three proteins are subordinate on the start of transcription against an individual promoter that is reserved by a DNA protein named araC. The DNA code of the pGLO comprehension is designed to involve visible feature of the arabinose operon.
added to the 3¹ end. As the two ends are placed the mRNA becomes pre-mRNA.
“A gene is a segment of DNA or a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that code for a functional product,” Tortora. Microbiology. p. 575. The syllable of the syllable. These genes not only affect our outlook, but also play a role.
It breaks the hydrogen bonds formed between opposing strands of DNA with energy formed through the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Hartsuiker, 2013). The separation of strands is necessary as newly formed strands need to be transcribed using the nucleotide sequence of an open DNA strand. The protein is built around 6 sub-units which form an hexameric ring with assymetic symmetry.
Simply put, DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce. The discovery and use of DNA has seen many changes and made great progress over many years. James Watson was a pioneer molecular biologist who is credited, along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, with discovering the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. The three won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962 for their work (Bagley, 2013). Scientists use the term “double helix” to describe DNA’s winding, two-stranded chemical structure.
DNA sequencing is a way of identifying genes based on their DNA sequences. It is important when comparing base sequences of different organisms to determine the relationship between them. Polymerase chain reaction its the process of making several copies of DNA. When picking a sequence of DNA to copy, it is important to choose something universal that way the sequences can be accurately compared. A good choice is the Cytochrome Oxidase Gene found in the mitochondria. It is found in almost all living organisms because COI helps make ATP and living things need energy to live. The sequencing of COI can lead to major leaps in biotechnology in the area of identifying unknown species on a regular and consistent basis.
For example such as medicine, it can be sometime possible to reading DNA sequences and find out how some diseases occur. It can sometimes be possible to fight some infectious diseases or any form of disease by changing the DNA codons which cause most of these problems.
a) The V, D, or J double-stranded DNA sequence is flanked by an RSS site. b) Rag-1 and Rag-2 bind simultaneously on the RSS joints. c) The Rag complex initiates a single stranded nick between the RSS and the coding region. d) Through an attack by the 3’ OH end, the DNA forms a hairpin leaving the RSS site with a double stranded break. e) With the help of accessory proteins, the newly cleaved coding region is joined to a separate coding region with added nucleotides in between, that were added by a DNA transferase. Note: Rag-1 and Rag-2 interact with both strands of DNA.
This newly formed mRNA will now detach itself from the DNA strand and search for a ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomal RNA is the element of RNA found in ribosomes which plays a role in translation. Translation is divided into four different phases: initiation phase, elongation
end of the tRNA and the tRNA binds to the mRNA. Cells posses over 20
Secondly the gene has to be cut from its DNA chain. Controlling this process are many restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes). Each of these enzymes cut DNA at a different base sequence called a recognition sequence. The recognition sequence is 6 base pairs long. The restriction enzymes PstI cuts DNA horizontally and vertically to produce sticky ends.
Cheminformatics term was coined for the first time by F.K. Brown and it's defined as "the field of chemistry that integrates chemical data with analytic and molecular design tools finding the 'best- fitting' compounds to address particular targets". It can be called also "chemoinformatics", "chemioinformatics" or "chemical informatics". In silico techniques are used in cheminformatics for a wide range of applications, such as in rotational drug design or in drug diversity, using the structure for predication of the activity and in virtual screening. This was first applied in the making of the period table
Transcription initiates with an RNA polymerase that binds the enzyme which is responsible for copying DNA into RNA. These RNA polymerase binds to a thermodynamically favorable region of the DNA called a promoter. This promoter acts as the start signal for transcription. Its effectiveness at attracting RNA polymerase is one of the methods used to control how much of a protein is produced. As it elongates, the RNA strand peels away from the DNA. The RNA polymerase eventually reaches a region called a terminator, which causes it to release.