Bioethics
Progress in the pharmacological, medical and biological sciences involves experimentation on all living species, including animals and humans.
The effectiveness of medications investigative procedures and treatments must at some point be tested on animals and human beings. Although tests are conducted much more frequently on lab animals, especially those most related to humans, they do not provide sufficient information.
The history of medicine shows that there has always been a need for experimentation on human beings. Examples of these consist of the inoculation of Newgate prisoners in 1721, who had been condemned to death with Smallpox. In
1796, Edward Jenner, also studying Smallpox, inoculated an eight year old boy with pus from a diseased cow. The list goes on, and such experiments continue even until today.
Nowadays these experiments would be ethically and legally unacceptable.
Nevertheless, there have been clear documented cases of abuse in recent times.
An example of this is the experiments conducted by Nazi doctors on prisoners in the concentration camps during the Holocaust.
Does this mean that since there is potential for abuse, all experimentation should be banned? This would mean that society would be condemned to remain at the same level of knowledge (status quo)?
Bioethically speaking, how far can we go in the study of the human without crossing the line? The fundamental question is, since we are the ones drawing the line, where do we draw it?
The purpose of this essay is to provide a clear sense of the present law on this issue. Second, to review the problems raised by experimentation on animals. To show some different examples of bioethics. Third, to show the biblical view of the matter. Finally, to bring the reader to his or her own clear conclusion, without a bias opinion on the matter.
THE CURRENT STATE OF THE LAW
Biomedical experimentation on human subjects raises many complex legal problems that the law must deal with accordingly. For example, infringement on the rules subjects the researcher not only to criminal sanctions, but also civil sanctions (damages for harm caused), administra...
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...e has not produced or belonging to him. Even life does not belong to man himself, the choice cannot be made by him to take the lives of others. This is where the study of bioethics comes in. Even if the results of any experiments provide fruitful results, they cannot be performed if they involve interfering with what is not rightfully their own. This is like taking someone's life into your own hands, "playing god" as many say is a sin.
Especially abortion, euthanasia, any birth control etc. This leaves society with no room for advancement, yet being a believer in G-D, the points sound valid ethically, yet more religiously. Many people of today's society feel that such a view will or may keep society from helping themselves provide better lives for themselves. The Biblical believers say contradict this with a very strong belief in G-D.
Finally, the time has come to make a valid conclusion. The decision is up to you to decide. The purpose of this essay was not to make the decision for you, it was to show both sides of the argument clearly without a bias opinion, and to let you the reader decide. Ladies and Gentlemen the choice is now
yours...
to an understanding of God’s dealing with humankind. In the english translations of the Bible,
In regards, to my weaknesses, with writing FBA’s , it would be beneficial for me to enhance my skills with writing behavioral intervention plans that address all aspects of the social /environmental factors. In addition, to be able to accurately assess the data and determine the function and type of deficit.
The word abortion brings out a variety of attitudes & perceptions amongst people. The topic is surrounded by emotion and empathy, which often creates a divide, those who view abortion as permissible and those who do not. In “Bioethics Before Birth," Tooley and Marquis provide their arguments on abortion. Their arguments share some similarities but their viewpoints and delivery set them apart. I will evaluate and compare the differences and similarities in their arguments.
Students who frequently engage in off-task and inappropriate behavior disrupt the classroom and hinder learning for other students (Riley, et.al, 2011). In order to reduce off-task behaviors exhibited by a particular student, it is crucial to determine the function of the behavior by conducting a functional behavioral assessment (FBA). Once the cause of the behavior is found, teachers can take steps to reduce the inappropriate behavior by implanting strategies to decrease their occurrence.
In this diverse society we are confronted everyday with so many ethical choices in provision of healthcare for individuals. It becomes very difficult to find a guideline that would include a border perspective which might include individual’s beliefs and preference across the world. Due to these controversies, the four principles in biomedical ethic which includes autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice help us understand and explain which medical practices are ethical and acceptable. These principles are not only used to protect the rights of a patient but also the physician from being violated.
The scholarly authority of the authors make this journal an interesting read on this topic. The authors are able to present the issues with an ease and understanding that every undergraduate student or layman will easily grasp. Considering that this is a legal topic with many laws reviews to the authors did a good job. By bringing in the legal framework of more than 2000 laws and enactments that have been established by the state and federal governments of the US, the authors make it
Physician-assisted suicide refers to the physician acting indirectly in the death of the patient -- providing the means for death. The ethics of PAS is a continually debated topic. The range of arguments in support and opposition of PAS are vast. Justice, compassion, the moral irrelevance of the difference between killing and letting die, individual liberty are many arguments for PAS. The distinction between killing and letting die, sanctity of life, "do no harm" principle of medicine, and the potential for abuse are some of the arguments in favor of making PAS illegal. However, self-determination, and ultimately respect for autonomy are relied on heavily as principle arguments in the PAS issue.
It takes a while to change any behavior. Part of the plan should be effective consequence strategies. Planned consequences reinforce the acquisition and use of alternative skills and reduce the effectiveness of problem behavior should it continue to occur. Having planned consequences should help teach the student that his/her use of alternative skills is a better way to bring about the desired result. Because it does take a while for a behavior intervention plan to change a student 's behavior, it is important that the IEP team decide what will happen when the problem behavior still occurs. If it is a manageable behavior, it is important to come up with responses that discourage the problem behavior and do not provide the function or desired result of the behavior. In some cases the behavior may be extreme. The IEP team should develop a crisis plan to address those situations. First the group needs to define what is a crisis. Then they should describe the intervention procedures to be put into place including who will be involved. They must identify the resources needed to implement the plan and agree on the procedures for documenting the use of the crisis
The case of Dr. Lowell and Mrs. Jackson revolves around a conflict between the doctor, who advocates the implementation of a particular treatment and the patient who disagrees with the doctor and wishes to do things her own way. The doctor feels that the suggested course of action is disastrous and threatens to have the patient declared mentally incompetent. The question now is whether or not the doctor is morally justified in taking action against the patient in order to implement the course of treatment she feels would be most effective. Is this an infringement on the autonomy of the patient or is the doctor morally obliged to do everything that he/she can possible do in order to restore the patient’s health even if that includes to go so far as to take this decision out of the hands of the patient?
In order to analyse the consequences of the two proposals the current law will be summarized so that an analysis of each can be advanced. The essay will then examine other available options. The essay will conclude that neither of the proposals is appropriate in that the theoretical consequences outweigh the practical benefits, moreover, provisions already exist that if strengthened would provide more effective solutions.
A Functional Behavior Assessment is beneficial for the student, parents and teachers. As stated within the definition of FBA, it helps determine the purpose of the undesirable behavior. By knowing this, the parents and teachers can create strategies to use with the student or teach the student to help decrease and possibly fade away that undesirable behavior. The FBA also help determine the best educational placement for the student and other services that can be provided for him/her to help the behavioral issues that is displaying. Using a FBA can also help the student identify appropriate behavior to use within different situations as a substitute for the ones that caused him/her to get in trouble with.
20 Feb. 2014. Nardo, Don. A. Biomedical Ethics.
Firstly in this report, I will be giving the different definitions of rule of law by different philosophers; secondly, I will be applying the rule of law to the English Legal system and thirdly I will be explaining separation of powers with a focus on the impartial judiciary. Finally, I will be using cases to support every detailed point given.
The judicial statement of Roskill LJ observed in The Albazero [1977] AC774 held plenty of arguments in modern world today. To reach an extent of agree or disagree the judicial statement, it should be critically analysed from a legal perspective:
The relationship between law and morality has been argued over by legal theorists for centuries. The debate is constantly be readdressed with new cases raising important moral and legal questions. This essay will explain the nature of law and morality and how they are linked.