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Behavioral finance case study
Behavioral finance case study
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1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Our understanding and the concept of investment in behavioural finance combines economics and psychology to analyse how and why investors make final decision. As an investor one’s decision to invest is fully influence by different type of attitudes of behavioural and psychological ( Ricciardi & Simon, 2000). Yet, in order to maximize their financial goal, investors must have a good investment planning. Furthermore , to gain a good investment planning , there must be a good decision making among investors. They have to choose the right investment plan I order to manage the resources for different type of investments not only to gain profit wise but also to avoid the risk that occur from investment.
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There are two types of these investors. First, the type of the investors who are trying to get a big break by trading stock. The second type is someone who is at retiree age or someone is really well paid off. Both don’t care much about their job. It’s like just filling up their time. Thus, they tend to be street smart when it comes to financing. They are the individuals who willing to take the risk when it comes to trading or investing. They are type of investors who willing to put money in the place where they shouldn’t at first place. They identify, what worked and just imitate …show more content…
They are the individuals who loves to make experiment and try out things which other people have not done or discovered yet. These type of investors which is known as Avant Grade investors will talk about financial products that will make financial professionals wonder since when this thing has been invented. These types of investors would have jumped on the trend of new investments before anyone else had even heard it of it.
Next, the allergic to finance type of investors. These types of investors usually have someone who handles their finance for them. When it comes to investing they doesn’t even know what are the investing of .What they knows they have an investment but really don’t have care to think about it. The best part of these investors they not even really care about the commissions or management fees. They just don’t want to burden their self with explanation or
"Who Should Invest With Us - Edward Jones: Making Sense of Investing." Edward Jones. Web.
that if they take out a loan and buy the shares they could make enough
...ocks at a low value, and gain even more money when these securities appreciate in value.
People watched other people invest their money and gain more profit hence, increasing other’s trust in the stock market. Many people did not have money to pay the total prices of stocks; people bought stocks “on margin”, meaning that the buyer would put down some of his own money, but the rest the buyer would borrow from a broker. Thus, the buyer borrowed about 80-90 percent of the cost of the stock and only 10-20 percent of his money (“The Stock Market Crash of 1929”). This way of investing money was very risky. At times, brokers issued a “margin call.”
Investing in stocks involves owning part of a company’s equity, which effectively enables the shareholder to receive a portion of the company’s earnings and assets in the form of dividends. Stocks are generally categorized as either common stocks or preferred stocks whereby common stock allows investors to vote on key issues but does not guarantee dividends (Markowitz 78). Preferred stocks, on the other hand, do not provide voting rights but assure stockholders of dividend payments. Investing in stocks offers investors comparatively high returns relative to treasury securities, but the investments also have high inherent risk. Stocks are purchased through licensed stockbrokers who range from the discounted order-taking online brokers, to the pricey full-service brokers and money managers (Sourd 112).
... the public and private sector. It uses both the weak form and semi strong from to make decisions. When an investor is given both public and private information the investor would not be able to profit about the average investor even if he was provided with new information at any given time. These investors are given name such as insiders, exchange specialist, analyst and money mangers. Insiders are senior managers that have access to inside information of that company. The security exchange commission prohibits that allow of inside information use to achieve abnormal returns on investments. An exchange specialist can achieve above average returns with specific order information on a specific equity. Analysts can analyze whether an analyst opinion can help an investor achieve above average returns. Institutional money mangers work handle mutual funds and pensions.
Investor psychology and security market under- and overreactions, Journal of Finance, 53, No. 1. 6, pp. 58-78. 1839 - 1885 - 1885. i.e. a. Burton G. Malkiel, 2003. The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Critics, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.
In summary, investors on the whole are rational and contribute to an efficient market through prudent investment decisions. Each investor?s optimal portfolio will be different depending on the feasible set of portfolios available for investment as well as the indifference curve for that particular investor. Lastly, risk free borrowing and lending changes the efficient set and gives the investor more opportunities to either get a higher expected return with the same amount of risk or the same amount of return with less risk.
A crucial reason in favour of mental accounting and overconfidence is decision efficiency. Real-life investing scenario changes every moment Time-consuming and systematic thinking process seldom is allowed during the intense decision-making (Stewart Jr et al., 1999, Busenitz and Barney, 1997). Additionally, the ‘small world’ used by the economic theory, which only applied to strict condition, is not necessarily applicable in the practical investment decision. As the assumption in those analysis approach may not conform with real life well and for most of times, cognitive heuristics is more suitable for the uncertainty(Gigerenzer and Gaissmaier, 2011). However, there is also a few argument against them, for it may hinder people from examining their investment choice thoroughly. Research shows that they did not perceive themselves as risk taker, but in fact, they are more likely to take relatively low return alternatives as ‘opportunities’, indicating that they are risk-taking to a great extent(Palich and Ray Bagby, 1995). As a result of the illusion created by such factors, decision makers tend to be narrow-minded in composing strategies and unable to bring enough information into thought(Schwenk, 1988). It was demonstrated by several researches that decisions made by means of biases and heuristics impose
Some people might say that people wiro need to be forced to invest are \azy ,
There is a sense of complexity today that has led many to believe the individual investor has little chance of competing with professional brokers and investment firms. However, Malkiel states this is a major misconception as he explains in his book “A Random Walk Down Wall Street”. What does a random walk mean? The random walk means in terms of the stock market that, “short term changes in stock prices cannot be predicted”. So how does a rational investor determine which stocks to purchase to maximize returns? Chapter 1 begins by defining and determining the difference in investing and speculating. Investing defined by Malkiel is the method of “purchasing assets to gain profit in the form of reasonably predictable income or appreciation over the long term”. Speculating in a sense is predicting, but without sufficient data to support any kind of conclusion. What is investing? Investing in its simplest form is the expectation to receive greater value in the future than you have today by saving income rather than spending. For example a savings account will earn a particular interest rate as will a corporate bond. Investment returns therefore depend on the allocation of funds and future events. Traditionally there have been two approaches used by the investment community to determine asset valuation: “the firm-foundation theory” and the “castle in the air theory”. The firm foundation theory argues that each investment instrument has something called intrinsic value, which can be determined analyzing securities present conditions and future growth. The basis of this theory is to buy securities when they are temporarily undervalued and sell them when they are temporarily overvalued in comparison to there intrinsic value One of the main variables used in this theory is dividend income. A stocks intrinsic value is said to be “equal to the present value of all its future dividends”. This is done using a method called discounting. Another variable to consider is the growth rate of the dividends. The greater the growth rate the more valuable the stock. However it is difficult to determine how long growth rates will last. Other factors are risk and interest rates, which will be discussed later. Warren Buffet, the great investor of our time, used this technique in making his fortune.
There is a lot of research work going on in this particular field, more so since the crisis of 2008. The purpose of this article was to make readers aware of the subject .Behavioral finance is an interesting mix of logics, psychology and economics. Budding investors and management students should look into this in more detail so that they are better equipped to make financial decisions.
Developing a thorough financial plan is a process that comprises a comprehensive analysis of a particular individual’s financial position and their long-term commitment to apply and observe the set financial plan through one’s life. The plan includes but not limited to, how an individual spends, saves monies and invests his or her financial assets. It encompasses knowing how to budget, manage cash and taxes, borrowing of funds, the use of credit cards, minimizing risk, investing and planning for retirement. Such a plan also requires a vigilant thought process for the future so he/she can tweak their financial plans as needed due to changes in lifestyle and economy.
In a Business Week article, Mr. Ben Steverman discuses issues facing today’s youth. The article is titles “Advice for Young Investors.” The article discuses two individuals who are 22 years of age, both are just beginning their careers. One individual is attempting to pay off student loans quickly and then save money to travel. The other individual is attempting to purchase real estate and invest within the market. Mr. Steverman discusses ten important factors for which young investors need to consider when approaching the market.
This paper will define and discuss five financial theories and how they impact business decisions made by financial managers. The theories will be the Modern Portfolio Theory, Tobin Separation Theorem, Equilibrium Theory, Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), and the Efficient Markets Hypothesis.