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Summary of behaviorism
Discuss about behaviorism
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Waketa Robinson
B.F. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory
Team Project
James Jones
December 1, 2015
Introduction
As the 1920s came to an end John B. Watson had departed academic psychology bringing about the innovative theories of other behaviorists that had become influential as well and brought forth new methods of learning other than conventional conditioning. One of the most significant of these was Burrhus Frederic Skinner whose views were marginally less extreme than those of Watson. Skinner understood that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is merely more fruitful to study observable behavior rather than internal mental measures. The work of Skinner was deep-rooted in a view that conventional conditioning was far
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He called this method operant conditioning. Operant Conditioning deals with operants - intentional actions that have an effect on the surrounding environment (McCleod, 2007). Skinners objective was to ascertain the processes which made certain operant behaviors more or less likely to transpire. In a team setting if action is based on reward it provides motivation for a team to work well and complete tasks more efficiently. If team members are aware that inappropriate behavior garnered consequence Skinners theory suggests that would be the less likely action for fear of consequence.
References
Managementstudyguide.com,. (2015). Reinforcement Theory of Motivation. Retrieved 2 December 2015, from http://www.managementstudyguide.com/reinforcement-theory-motivation.htm
McLeod, S. (2015). B.F. Skinner | Operant Conditioning | Simply Psychology. Simplypsychology.org. Retrieved 2 December 2015, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html
Thompson, L. (2000). Making the team. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
YouTube,. (2015). Big Bang Theory-operant conditioning. Retrieved 2 December 2015, from
Skinner, B.F. A Brief Survey of Operant Behavior. Cambridge, MA: B. F. Skinner Foundation. 1938
1984 best reflects the behavioral studies of B.F. Skinner for operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is “the behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the consequence modifies the organism’s tendency to repeat the behavior in the future.” Skinner created an operant chamber, better known as the Skinner Box, which observed how rats responded to this conditioning and how, in relation, it could be applied to humans and not just animals. Skinner discovered that in giving rewards to the rat for pushing a lever on the other side of the box, the rat was encouraged to do it more for the same response. However, when Skinner put an electric shock on the rat when it had pushed down on the lever, he saw that the rat was discouraged to do it again in order to avoid the punishment of being shocked. This concept is what Skinner called “reinforcement”. Reinforcement is considered “any event that strengthens or increases the frequency of a preceding response.” Nevertheless, there are two types of reinforcement: positive an...
Joey 's program will be based in Applied Behavior Analysis which was first introduced in 1913, when John Watson started a movement towards behaviorism with his article “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It” (Miltenberger, 2012). Based on Pavlov 's observations of classical conditioning, Watson suggested that human behavior could also be explained by the same means and that the process of classical conditioning was proper subject matter for psychology. He believed all human behavior were responses to external stimuli and environmental events (Miltenberger, 2012). B. F. Skinner took Watson 's theory of classical conditioning further to include operant conditioning. The highlight of Skinner 's theory is identifying what a behavior achieves through observing the behavior. It is only after the function of behavior is identified that we can alter the consequences to increase the probability of the desired behavior 's occurrence (Miltenberger, 2012). In operant conditioning behavior is changed through the manipulation of contingencies or the use of reinforcement or punishment after the desired or undesired response occurs (Miltenberger, 2012). Skinner was able to prove through his
According to Gewirtz and Peláez-Nogueras (1992), “B. F. Skinner contributed a great deal to advancing an understanding of basic psychological processes and to the applications of science-based interventions to problems of individual and social importance.” He contributed to “human and nonhuman behavior, including human behavioral development, and to various segments of the life span, including human infancy” (p. 1411). One of Skinner's greatest scientific discoveries was “single reinforcement” which became sufficient for “operant conditioning, the role of extinction in the discovery of intermittent schedules, the development of the method of shaping by successive approximation, and Skinner's break with and rejection of stimulus-response psychology” (Iversen, 1992, p. 1318).
At Harvard, B.F. Skinner looked for a more objective and restrained way to study behavior. Most of his theories were based on self-observation, which influenced him to become a enthusiast for behaviorism. Much of his “self-observed” theories stemmed from Thorndike’s Puzzle Box, a direct antecedent to Skinner’s Box. He developed an “operant conditioning apparatus” to do this, which is also known as the Skinner box. The Skinner box also had a device that recorded each response provided by the animal as well as the unique schedule of reinforcement that the animal was assigned. The design of Skinner boxes can vary ...
Skinners studies included the study of pigeons that helped develop the idea of operant conditioning and shaping of behavior. His study entailed making goals for pigeons, if the goal for the pigeon is to turn to the left, a reward is given for any movement to the left, the rewards are supposed to encourage the left turn. Skinner believed complicated tasks could be broken down in this way and taught until mastered. The main belief of Skinner is everything we do is because of punishment and reward (B.F. Skinner).
B.F. Skinner was considered the father of behavioral approach to psychology and a noticeable spokesperson for behaviorism. According to Corey (2013), he advocated radical behaviorism. In other words it placed a primary importance on the effects of environment on behavior. Skinner was a determinist; he did not consider that humans had free choices. He recognized the existence of feeling and thoughts, but disagreed about them causing humans action. In its place, he underlined the cause-and-effect links between objective, observable environmental conditions and behavior. Skinner claimed that more than enough attention had been given to the internal states of mind and motives, which cannot be observed and changed directly and not enough focus
Behavior modification is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which were developed by American behaviorist B.F. Skinner. In his research, he put a rat in a cage later known as the Skinner Box, in which the rat could receive a food pellet by pressing on a bar. The food reward acted as a reinforcement by strengthening the rat's bar-pressing behavior. Skinner studied how the rat's behavior changed in response to differing patterns of reinforcement. By studying the way the rats operated on their environment, Skinner formulated the concept of operant conditioning, through which behavior could be shaped by reinforcement or lack of it. Skinner considered his discovery applicable to a wide range of both human and animal behaviors(“Behavior,” 2001).
Skinner developed operant conditioning, another style that can explain how people get and manage voluntary behaviors (Hockenbury and Hockenbury, 2014, pg.199). Operant conditioning is the learning development that associates with changing the probability that a response will be done again by shaping the consequences of that response. One likely outcome of a behavior is reinforcement. Reinforcement is a stimulus that increases the behavior to be repeated in the future. There is two types of reinforcement; positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Both are processes that increase a particular behavior. Both of this ways can affect future behavior, but they do it in different ways. In operant conditioning positive means adding something and negative means removing something. people can know if positive reinforcement has occur if a reinforcing stimulus makes them more possible to repeat a behavior in a similar situation in the future. According to Hockenbury and Hockenbu...
Goddard, M. J. (2012). ON CERTAIN SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MAINSTREAM PSYCHOLOGY AND THE WRITINGS OF B. F. SKINNER. The Psychological Record, 62(3), 563-575. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1030424426?accountid=458
Like some other psychologist, B.F. Skinner has criticized cognitive psychology in reviewed articles, providing examples and reasoning’s to justify his belief that cognitive psychology
When Skinner turned 24, he attended graduate school at Harvard University. As a Psychology student, he teamed up with Physiology Professor, William Crozier. Together, they began to study the relationship between behavior and experimental conditions. During his time at Harvard, Skinner conducted many experiments using rats (B.F.Skinner Foundation, 2002). Skinner’s findings made him “the most influential psychologist of the 20th century” (Roblyer,2003, p.57).
B.F. Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, a small town where he spent his childhood. He was the first-born son of a lawyer father and homemaker mother who raised him and his younger brother. As a young boy, Skinner enjoyed building and used his imaginative mind to invent many different devices. He spent his college years at Hamilton College in New York to pursue a Bachelor’s degree in writing. Following his graduation in 1926, Skinner explored writings of Pavlov, Russell, and Watson, three influential men in the field of behavioral psychology. After two years as a failed writer, Skinner applied to Harvard University to earn his Ph.D. in psychology.
In my reaction paper I will discuss B.F. Skinners theory operant conditioning and the ways he tested it out on animals, how it relates to humans, and how I can relate operant conditioning to my own personal life.
B.F. Skinner is a major contributor to the Behavioral Theory of personality, a theory that states that our learning is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement, punishment, modeling, and observation. An individual acts in a certain way, a.k.a. gives a response, and then something happens after the response. In order for an action to be repeated in the future, what happens after the response either encourages the response by offering a reward that brings pleasure or allows an escape from a negative situation. The former is known as positive reinforcement, the latter known as negative reinforcement (Sincero, 2012). A teenager who received money for getting an “A” is being positively reinforced, while an individual who skips a class presentation is being negatively reinforced by escaping from the intense fear and anxiety that would have occurred during the presentation.