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An essay on avian flu
An essay on avian flu
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Avian Flu
KUMAMOTO JAPAN: Two Japanese chicken farms had to put down 112,000 chickens because of a new outbreak of bird flu. While there hasn’t been any transmission between birds and humans in Japan ever, the Avian Influenza Type A virus is still being handled with significant care to avoid any possibility of human harm. A Japanese Food Safety Commission publishing noted that avian flu was quickly broken down by stomach acid so there wouldn’t be foreseeable harm to any people if they ingested some of the contaminated chicken or their eggs. As a further precaution, authorities are banning the transportation of chickens and eggs within the affected areas. Additionally, vehicles are being inspected and disinfected near the chicken farms. These restrictions are posing financial problems for the farm owners who rely on steady sales to keep operating—the trade embargo and loss of a significant amount of livestock can be troublesome.
Avian Influenza has been documented in over 100 different types of birds. However, it is important to distinguish between the LPAI (low pathogenic avian influenza) and HPAI (high pathogenic avian influenza) variants of bird flu. LPAI can have side effects as negligible as rumpled feathers or a decreases in egg production. Sometimes it isn’t even detected by livestock keepers. While LPAI doesn’t seem very bad, the potential for real harm happens when LPAI Bird Flu virus mutates into the highly lethal HPAI type. The virus can mutate very quickly since it is a single-stranded RNA virus, characterized by often and extreme mutations. Birds infected with the high pathogenic avian influenza suffer a 90%-100% mortality rate in less than two days! The birds die from rapid degradation of many internal organs. Int...
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...ter, as well as the basics of string theory like the strong/weak nuclear forces, electromagnetism and gravity. The end goal of all of your work with Caltech is to strengthen existing knowledge on string theory and prove its accuracy. References for reccomendation are preferred, as is 5 years experience in this field. Good communication, technical, manegerial and writing skills required for this position.
Education: Masters in Theoretical Phyisics required, Doctorate preferred. We are not seeking those with disciplines solely in applied physics.
Salary: Starts at $90,000/year. Pay commensurates with experience.
Email John Doe (jdoe@caltech.edu) a CV and resume to apply. Applications will be accepted on a rolling basis until the position is filled. Questions can be directed to the same address. Applicants will be contacted within a week of submission for an interview.
Reducing the risk of salmonellosis from these farms would include food safety practices such as: washing eggs and hands thoroughly, making sure that the farm is kept in good condition, feeding the chickens good food, and using fresh water
However due to globalization, import and export viruses is more easily transmitted. Over the past century the global community especially Asian has been affected with new strains of the influenza virus. The changes in the virus can occur in two ways “antigenic drift” which are gradual changes in the virus over time. This change produces new strains that the antibody may not recognize. “Antigenic shift” On the other is a sudden change in the influenza virus which ‘’ results in a new influenza A subtype or a virus with a hemagglutinin or a hemagglutinin and neuraminidase combination that has emerged from an animal population,” as seen with H5N1 virus. This change leaves people defenseless against this new virus. (CDC, 2013) Currently there is no vaccine to combat all strains therefore “Planning and preparedness for implementing mitigation strategies during a pandemic requires participation by all levels o...
On January 4, 2011 President Obama signed into law The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA). This law has shed new light on the safety and security of our food supply. The last update to the food safety laws in the United States was in 1938. The food safety modernization act pays special attention at trying to modernize the food safety policies in the United States in hopes to prevent problems and concerns before they happen. As we all know, most of our food comes from overseas or sometimes from your neighboring state. The food products travel by car, truck, airplane, boat, or even train. We are all very happy to be receiving our bananas from Costa Rica and all of our other fresh fruits and vegetables that are imported into the United States, but we never stop to think about what pathogens are contaminating our produce and other foods on the way over and if they are safe for us to eat. In an article by Neal Fortin, he states that the law also gives the FDA new standards to hold imported foods to the domestic food standards and it also encourages the FDA to establish and develo...
Influenza is a major public health problem which outbreaks all over the world. Resulting in considerable sickness and death rates. Furthermore, it is a highly infectious airborne disease and is caused by the influenza virus. Influenza is transmitted easily from one person to another person which has a great impact on society. When a member of society becomes sick, it is more prone to spread to other people. In the United States, every year between 5 to 20 percent of the population is affected by influenza. As a result of this, between 3,000 and 49,000 deaths have occurred per year (Biggerstaff et al., 2014). Therefore, the influenza vaccine is the most effective strategy to prevent influenza. This essay will examine two significant reasons for influenza vaccination which are the loss of workforce and economic burden as well as one effect regarding herd immunity.
I am a dedicated, focused student looking to push the boundaries of Engineering Physics with creative out of the box thinking. I have the drive to be successful and positively represent UBC Engineering Physics. I have a passion for physics and math which is why I believe this program is so appealing and a perfect choice. Having already started, run and sold a successful landscaping company, I have experience in entrepreneurship and have determined being an entrepreneur is something I want to pursue in the future. I believe Engineering Physics would give me the opportunity and breadth of knowledge to make my entrepreneurial vision a reality and allow me to find solutions to the issues that will impact the future of humanity. Being on UBC Supermileage
The swine influenza or swine flu is a respiratory disease in pigs that is caused by the type A influenza viruses. These viruses are referred to as swine flu viruses but scientifically the main virus is called the swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1 influenza virus. When the viruses infect humans they are called variant viruses. This infection has been caused in humans mainly by the H1N1v virus in the United States. The H1N1 virus originates in animals due to improper conditions and the food they ingest. The virus stays in latency form, thus harmless to the respective animal. The longer the animals survive the more likely the virus is to develop and strengthen making it immune to vaccines. The virus reproduced through the lytic cycle. The virus injects its own nucleic acids into a host cell and then they form a circle in the center of the cell. Rather than copying its own nucleic acids, the cell will copy the viral acids. The copies of viral acids then organize themselves as viruses inside of the cell. The membrane will eventually split leaving the viruses free to infect other cells.
The Flu was first founded in Seattle September, 1918. The avian flu can also be known as the “Bird Flu”. The bird flu is being passed around by migratory birds. It can be transmitted from birds to mammals and in some limited circumstances to humans. The flu will also be known as the H5N1 virus. The H5N1 virus has raised concerns about a potential human pandemic because its virulent (deadly; extremely dangerous) and it can evolve like other influenza viruses. As many other viruses and illnesses the flu can be a lot more deadlier. When you get the flu the lungs are severely harmed from infected cells called macrophages and T-cells. The virus can spread way beyond the lungs but generally do not. Many people catch the flu and think they have the common cold because of some of the same symptoms. But actually the flu can be more dangerous if you don’t treat it immediately.
Kaku, Michio. "So You Want to Become a Physicist?" Explorations in Science Official Website of Dr. Michio Kaku. . 7 May 2014.
Kirkpatrick, Larry, and Gerald F. Wheeler. Physics: A World View. 4th ed. Orlando: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001.
In 2005, 10% of the bar-headed geese were killed by H5N1 flu. However, most of the birds that had been infected during these small outbreaks were located in a small decay poultry farms in central and southeastern Asia. Many of the bar-headed geese died, and the species is still trying to exist. They’re also not being eaten but humans, so therefore, the geese that are sick will not infect humans. The benefits of these countries are adopting more measures to contain this dangerous flu, such as examining the poultry farms more carefully and making sure they birds are living an a sanitary environment. The H5N1 flu has never been found in the United States. Nearly all of the bird in the United States has been vaccinated and not one bird has been recorded to have been infected or sick with H5N1 flu. Even though there is the possibility that the infected birds could and probably have migrate from Asia to Alaska, it is not thought to be a major problem for the human population since the migration of the birds are not commonly used as food. With human contact would be scarce with these birds. Many wild birds, such as geese, ducks, and hawks, will likely to be the most affected in this scenario. These wild birds almost never come in close contact with humans and the only plausible way to contract the H5N1 flu from a wild bird is
Kirkpatrick, Larry D. and Gerald F. Wheeler. Physics: A World View, 4th ed. Orlando, FL. Harcourt College Publishers: 2001. p- 365-71
from the University College of London in Physics. He later became a candidate for a
Food safety is an increasingly important public health issue. Governments all over the world are intensifying their efforts to improve food safety. Food borne illnesses are diseases, usually either infectious or toxic in nature, caused by agents that enter the body through the ingestion of food. “In industrialized countries, the percentage of people suffering from food borne diseases each year has been reported to be up to 30%. In the United States of America, for example, around 76 million cases of food borne diseases, resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year.” (Geneva 2)
[2] H.D. Young, R.A. Freedman, and A.L. Ford, University Physics with Modern Physics (Pearson 2012; 13th ed.) (Layperson part)
In 1918-19 approximately 50 million deaths were a detriment of the Spanish H1N1 virus pandemic; a respiratory virus. According to the World Health Organization, the second Influenza A H1N1 pandemic in 2009 spread to more than 200 countries causing more than 18 000 deaths. Before the World Health Organization had announced the official end of the pandemic in August 2010, in July 2009 the World Health Organization sent out a phase 6 warning that H1N1 could soon be a global pandemic. It is important to recognize that the 2 different outbreaks had different A/H1N1strains effecting the world population; this suggests A/H1N1has a high ability for mutation, severely complicating the human body’s natural immune mechanism of antigenic drift. (Qi-Shi Du et al., 2010)