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A description of australia- a penal colony
History essay about Australia
Aspect and social life of the colonies
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-1850s Australia was not a nation. -6 separate British colonies that were part of the British Empire. -At that time, the monarch of the British Empire was Queen Victoria. -Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901. -The colonies saw themselves as distinct and different from each other. -Some colonies received convicts. -Certain colonies grown rich on gold. -Some colonies had large populations. -Each individual colony own local laws, taxes and railways. -The colonies much in common: language, British traditions, loyalty to the Empire. -By 1880, many young Australian-born colonists were proud and spoke very proudly of themselves because they were ‘Australian’. -Began talk about becoming one Australian nation. -By the late 1800s, the colonies increasingly
Aboriginal soldiers returned to their country where they had no citizenship rights, controlled by the government policies which prevented them from living in towns, socialising with other Australians and voting. This is evident in phrases such as, “He returned to the outback, no mates did he find. If he had a beer he was jailed and then fined,” and, “Confused and alone he wandered around, Looking for work though none could be found. The Anzac marches he badly neglected, Would show to his comrades how he was rejected.” This informs the reader about how the Aboriginal soldiers did not receive the same benefits as the European soldiers did, even though they made the same sacrifices during the
Maestro by Peter Goldsworthy provides an insight into 1960s/70s Australia and helps reinforce common conceptions about Australian culture. One common conception Goldsworthy reinforces in this text is Australia’s increasing acceptance of multiculturalism. Maestro, set in the 1960s to 1970s, shows Australians growing more accepting and tolerant of other cultures. This shift in perspective was occurring near the end of the White Australia/Assimilation Policy, which was phased out in the late 1970s/early 1980s. An example of this shifted perspective in Maestro is Paul’s father’s opinion about living in Darwin:
Moreover, then the very thought of a non-Australian fitting that description was then viewed as being very unthinkable in terms of the Australian identity. Secondly, the identity and nationalism idea that Banjo Paterson wanted, was used to create one idea that could be known under the nationalism banner in literature. However, on the other hand, according to R.Ward (1958), argued that the characteristic of the typical Australian society had been forged from the nineteenth century frontier which involved the wars such as the Gallipoli landing that had occurred, which the idea of mateship was first used by Paterson to connect the soldiers together as comrades (1958). Furthermore, R. Ward (1958) also then had argued that the legend of the bush had also been shaped by the many debates that had been happening in other countries such as Europe.(1958). It the idea of mateship that Australia had been shaped by the cultural disposition that had occurred within the nationalism of the country’s history itself.
It is well known that Captain Arthur Philips landed in Australia on 26th of January and took over the land and is referred to as “invasion Day”. Yet little do people know, Captain Arthur Phillip didn’t land in Australia on 26 January. He first landed in Australia between the 18th and 20th of January 1788 in Botany Bay, however where he landed he couldn’t find fresh water so he then sailed into Sydney Cove on the 26th where he found a Tank Stream…..problem solved. Australia day today celebrates our diverse society, our remarkable achievements, our future as a nation and how we can make Australia a better
...at these several events in our nation’s history have demoralised our reputation to other countries globally. To make us known as a better country to other nations, we’ve completely abolished the White Australia Policy, gave back the aborigines their freedoms and we were also the first country in the world to give women rights. Australia today in present day is now one of the most multicultural societies on Earth, and we definitely follow our values of mateship, acceptance and freedom.
In the nineteenth century, the “History wars” became the fight between the most prominent historians revolving around the deception of frontier conflict between the labor and coalition. The debate aroused from the different interpretations of the violence that took place during the European colonization and to what degree. It became a crisis in history, emerging from the dispossession of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (ATSI) that resulted in exclusion of their traditions and culture. The ATSI were the first people of Australia that brought along a different culture, language, kinship structures and a different way of life (Face the Facts, 2012). Post European colonization was a time where the ATSI people experienced disadvantage in the land they called home. With the paramount role as future educators, it demands proficient knowledge on the Australian history and one of the most influential moments in our history started from the first European settlers.
Gard, S. (2000). A history of Australia. The Colony of New South Wales. South Yarra: MacMillan Education Australia Pty Ltd.
Parker, H. T. "The Australian Aborigine." The Journal of Negro Education 3.1 (1934): 57-65. Web.
When Captain Cook arrived in 1788 and the colonisation of Australia began, the Indigenous people of Australia struggled and fought to protect their country from infringement, theft and violation. The Indigenous people were faced with a dominant military force and an extremely different view of the world. Over one hundred years ago, the colonists understood this land to be open for the taking and the rightful first owners were treated as intruders on their own land. In 1901 the commonwealth of Australia was proclaimed and a supposedly new era was to occur for this “lucky country” and its inhabitants. http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/2001/433/433pl6.htm However, for Indigenous Australians, this year marked a 113 years of resistance, removal, withdrawal and dispossession. Over one hundred years later, the Native Title act is passed and Indigenous Australian’s continue their political struggle for land rights
The second half of the 19th century introduced a new style of enterprise to America, Big Business. The 19th century values of work and of being an independent business man clashed with the modern 20th century values of extreme expansion with large work forces and of earning the most money possible. The rise of the robber barons and the captains of industry helped the economy by pushing America into first place in the production of several products and by creating many new jobs. Although these new opportunities appealed to the masses, not everyone was satisfied by his new occupation. The creation of labor unions was a reaction to the numerous complaints about working conditions, wages, and work hours. The first unions protested with peace and reason. Once they realized that nothing could be accomplished through negotiation, drastic measures were taken and violence was the answer to their problems. The clashes between management and workforce in the Great Railroad Strike, Homestead Strike, and Pullman Strike emphasize these crises that were resolved through force and destruction.
The 19th century was a big turn for the modernization of hospitals. During the 19th century hospitals focus came to medical care, rather than the place for charity and the care for the poor. The hospital became a place where medical training was performed, and the profession of nursing was established. The structure and how the organization of hospitals changed as well, the issues with lighting and sanitation were beginning to be addressed and changed. Medical theory and research became the focus of treatment in hospitals, rather than religion being the dominant influence in the establishment of hospitals. The modernization of hospitals made it into an establishment devoted to recovery and healing, rather than a place where the sick would go to die. In this paper I will talk about a nurse named
Familiarity was essential to post-war immigrants. Australian culture was alien to new arrivals and Australians were at best indifferent to immigrants and sometimes antagonistic to the newcomers. A long-held Australian distaste for anything not British also helped drive immigrants into self-contained communities, their organisations serving as bulwarks against the British-Australian majority.
In the 19th century, the political climate could be closely related to a tooth gritting earthquake or a tremendous volcanic eruption. As Europe transitioned into Romanticism, socialists and classical liberals started rising from all over Europe with many different ideas. In America, slavery and social reforms were a hotbed of debate sparking many controversy’s, one of which almost lead to the secession of South Carolina. No one besides Charles Fourier, Alexis de Tocqueville, and John C. Calhoun represented the potent cocktail of varying social ideas and political theory of the 19th century better. These three were unique in their ideas and have a very impacting legacy.
The convicts aboard were scared not knowing what is to come of them; they didn’t know they were the first to give birth to a new nation that has been silenced for thousands of years. The inmates are unskilled laborers; most of them were petty criminals of the urban population that lack farming and construction skills. Building these new colonies is going to be a struggle in the years to come. For the first few years it seemed almost impossible to establish a self producing colony with incompetent convicts that lack trade. One man would change it all, Captain Arthur Phillip, a regular naval officer that became the first governor of the new nation. For 2 years Phillip desperately asks for new tools that can help produce more corps and free men that were competent enough to help build the nation. After two years England would send the proper tools and men he needed but they would also send more convicts to add to his problems. Governor Phillip began giving land grants in 1787 to convicts who were given conditional pardon for good behavior and those whose time had expired. Gradually more and more land came under cultivation and the country became entirely self-supporting on their food supplies. Governor Phillip would use the source of labor from convicts to develop everything that a self supporting colony would need. The convict built a colony within the first few years with isolated settlements, rich farmland, stores, taverns hospitals and much more. In 1813 explorers would cross the Blue Mountains to the west and return to New South Wales with tales of endless goods and grazing lands as far as the eye can see. By 1829 when word of this got back to England they decided to extend British colonies to the west before other European rivals would take interest on the land. In the mid 1800’s the population of Australia reached 1 million, the convicts were no longer
The era of the Civil War brought a multitude of changes that would impact the lives of all Americans. After the conclusion of what would be the bloodiest war of the 19th century, several constitutional and social developments were brought into effect. Such constitutional developments included the Emancipation Proclamation and the Radical Reconstruction of Andrew Johnson. To a similar extent, the passage of the 15th Amendment guaranteed all African American males the right to vote, regardless of any previous condition of servitude. However, in spite of many positive constitutional developments that arose during this era, a combination of legal developments such as Black Codes and Poll taxes, combined with negative social developments such as the Rise of the Ku Klux Klan and White Supremacy resulted in an unstable