Margaret Atwood's “Happy Endings” and “Women’s Novels” use techniques of metafiction and intertextuality through form, structure, narrative voice, figurative language, the illustration of literary stereotypes and the theme of death to deconstruct conventions of literary realism. Pam Morris defines realism as ‘any writing that is based upon an implicit or explicit assumption that it is possible to communicate about a reality beyond the writing’ (Morris 6). Atwood’s analytical and deliberate dissection of plot leaves readers to question the alleged verisimilar nature of literary realism and its association with reality, why we read realist works in the first place, the importance of conflict in literature, and the respective roles of readers …show more content…
Third person is often utilized in realist works to enhance the sense of truthfulness and reliability, but in this case, when used with second person perspective, it aids in creating metafictional awareness. This is primarily due the blasé way Atwood describes the various character tropes, as well as the lack of character dialogue. In part C, Atwood makes deliberate reference to the construction of the narrative, stating ‘this is the thin part of the plot, but it can be dealt with later’ (Atwood, Happy Endings 19). This deconstructs the illusion of different realities and makes the audience feel more involved, as they are no longer simply spectators, their heightened awareness makes them question the authenticity of the realism …show more content…
For example, in “Women’s Novels”, the patriarchal gaze in literature is highlighted using animalistic visual imagery to describe women- ‘the horse’, their ‘arachnoid grace’ and gaze of ‘wild [birds]’. This demonstrates the dehumanizing of female characters. They are mere plot devices whilst male characters are central to the story. In comparison, “Happy Endings” lacks this kind of metaphorical language, rather, it is narrated in a matter-of-fact fashion. This is best summed up in a review by K. Chase, where he states, “Happy Endings" exudes ‘ruthless insight and pessimism’, while "Women's Novels" exhibits ‘tongue-in-cheek allegorical quality’ (Chase 101). This juxtaposition illustrates the importance of detail and conflict to plot. Atwood confronts readers and highlights the ‘stretch in between’ as what makes a realist story worth reading (Happy Endings
When writing literature, authors will adapt points of view to mold the perceptions of their readers. Three points of view that authors use to draw readers into their works of fiction are the limited perspective, the first-person perspective, and the objective perspective. Three stories will be examined and critiqued for their use of these narrative techniques. Of the three perspectives that will be examined, the first-person perspective is the most useful for sharing the authors’ vision.
Time and time again, women have consistently been cheated when it comes to being represented fairly in literature. Throughout countless literary works, many female characters are portrayed in stereotypical and submissive roles. Three literary works that break from this trend are Edith Wharton’s Ethan Frome, Oscar Wilde’s An Ideal Husband, and George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion. These works examine themes of beauty and marriage, and feature female characters in prominent roles. But what influenced how male and female characters are portrayed in these pieces of literature? Examining Wharton’s Ethan Frome, Wilde’s An Ideal Husband, and Shaw’s Pygmalion from a feminist perspective reveals how gender characterization, author perspectives, and gender
Throughout most of literature and history, the notion of ‘the woman’ has been little more than a caricature of the actual female identity. Most works of literature rely on only a handful of tropes for their female characters and often use women to prop up the male characters: female characters are sacrificed for plot development. It may be that the author actually sacrifices a female character by killing her off, like Mary Shelly did in Frankenstein in order to get Victor Frankenstein to confront the monster he had created, or by reducing a character to just a childish girl who only fulfills a trope, as Oscar Wilde did with Cecily and Gwendolen in The Importance of Being Earnest. Using female characters in order to further the male characters’
conceptualizations of gender in literature are situated in a culture and historical context ; the
Works Cited: Atwood, Margaret. Happy Endings.
At the outset, Atwood gives the reader an exceedingly basic outline of a story with characters John and Mary in plotline A. As we move along to the subsequent plots she adds more detail and depth to the characters and their stories, although she refers back with “If you want a happy ending, try A” (p.327), while alluding that other endings may not be as happy, although possibly not as dull and foreseeable as they were in plot A. Each successive plot is a new telling of the same basic story line; labeled alphabetically A-F; the different plots describe how the character’s lives are lived with all stories ending as they did in A. The stories tell of love gained or of love lost; love given but not reciprocated. The characters experience heartache, suicide, sadness, humiliation, crimes of passion, even happiness; ultimately all ending in death regardless of “the stretch in between”. (p.329)
The US Justice Department statistics 2003 and onwards demonstrates significant disproportion in the incarceration rate of minority African American and Hispanic men between the ages of 25 and 29 years as compared to the rate associated with White men of the same age. Bell (2007), proposes that as minority groups grow in numbers within the dominant group they will experience greater equality. However, rate of incarceration among minority males remains alarmingly high and as compared to their White counterparts. As with health care there are racial disparities that will influence outcomes when an individual is brought before the criminal courts. Additionally, there is significant correlation between a person’s level of education and the likelihood of his involvement in criminal activities. Studies and statistics have shown that among male high school dropouts there is high incidence of unemployment, low income and rate of illicit drug use as compared to men with degrees from four year colleges. Further to this, although the rate of school dropout and even arrest is not significantly different across the race lines, literature alludes that African American men have a higher rate of conviction for the same crime committed.
Since the story was written in the third person objective, it is easier for the reader to remain objective while analyzing the story. If we one were to hear the story from on of the character’s point of view, the retelling of the story would be clouded with various em...
There are many female writers, some known better than other. Female writes most of the time focused their stories in experiences or personal point of view on what is going on around them. Other women write fiction of unusual worlds and character that people can relate to with the struggle or experiences. Margaret Atwood the “Canadian nationalist poetess is a prominebt figure concerned with the need for a new language to explore relations between subjects and society“ (Omid, Pyeaam 1). Atwood wrote her first novel called, “The Edible Woman”; this first novel categorized her as feminist, based on the main character of a strong woman. In an interview with Emma Brockes, Atwood affirms, "First of all, what is feminism? Second, which branch of it? Am I against women having rights? Actually, no. Am I really a puppet of the women's movement? No, I'm too old for that. I've been writing since 1956 and there was no women's movement in sight at the time”. Atwood does stands for women’s right but she never thought of being feminist while writing her stories. Atwood writes about strong women because just like any other female they are tired of reading about weak and submissive woman in books. Is clear that Atwood began writing before the woman movement started and that means she was ahead of her time. Atwood’s works is not just feminist her works represents her art and the way she feel about the world. Margaret Atwood is a poet, critic, novelist, and activist. Atwood’s stands for issues that trouble her and that she sees that are obstacles for her community. Through her entire writing career peoples can see that culture, science, feminism, and environment is reflected in her words and her expression to tell a story the only way she can. Her sho...
In conclusion Margaret Atwood uses humor to explore a serious topic, allowing the reader to see how society itself has failed to address the seriousness of the issue. Estelle may never understand how someone could violate another human being in that way. She is nonetheless fully aware that in reality, unlike her rape fantasies, no amount of conversation would deter a potential rapist from committing the violent act against a woman as rape has nothing to do with knowing a person and developing a human bond, instead it has everything to do with power.
First of all the third person narrative is used in literature to present a narration from a completely neutral point of view. Common with most fictional entries, this narration style gives the author of a piece of writing an individual voice in the work he creates. Such an author does not just rely on what he /her characters say, he/she actively becomes instrumental to them actually saying or doing them.
The first three parts of Atonement are written in third person limited omniscient narration. The focalization of this narration shifts between the characters and the reader is provided with varying perspectives of the story world. The effect of this is that the reader is
Postmodernism in art and literature includes many aspects that define a novel or piece of writing to be “postmodern”. A postmodern novel often leaves the reader ambiguous to some of the most obvious forms of literature, but this ambiguity serves a purpose to the postmodernism in the metafictional story that embeds the theme or the purpose of the novel. One of the greatest examples of postmodern fiction/literature would be The Handmaids Tale by Margret Atwood. Certain aspects of this novel allow this novel to be characterized as “postmodern”, this novel was also written in time when postmodernism was just on a moral zenith in people’s consciousness. The main narrative from of this novel
Throughout literature, authors employ a variety of strategies to highlight the central message being conveyed to the audience. Analyzing pieces of literature through the gender critics lens accentuates what the author believes to be masculine or feminine and that society and culture determines the gender responsibility of an individual. In the classic fairytale Little Red Riding Hood, the gender strategies appear through the typical fragile women of the mother and the grandmother, the heartless and clever male wolf, and the naïve and vulnerable girl as little red riding hood.
(Lanser , 2008) describes one of the main views of feminist criticism as being ‘that narrative texts ... are profoundly ( if never simply) referential’. Semiotics in relation to verbal language is described by Herman as 'a conventional relation between signifier and signified' (p281) One way of combining the mimetic and semiotic is to look at the conventions in the semiotics of verbal language ‘which suggests a synthesis of feminist narratology reflecting the referential or mimetic as well as the semiotic experience of reading literature’. (Lanser, 2008 , p. 345)