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Academic and Educational Outcomes of Children With ADHD
Research on attention deficit disorder
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Attection Deficit Disorder
To be nobody-but-myself--in a world which is doing its best, night and day, to make
you everybody else-means to fight the hardest battle which any human being can
fight, and never stop fighting.
-E.E. Cummings, 1958
Attention Deficit Disorder is a long and some what mysterious sounding name that tries to describe something you probably already call Hyperactivity. But, attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is much more that Hyperactivity.
History of ADD
In 1902 children who demonstrated many of the symptoms that are today part of attention
deficit disorder would be described as children with "morbid defects in moral control". In
the 1940's, children exhibiting this form of behavior were diagnosed with "brain injured
syndrome" because children with brain injuries from disease or trauma behave in much
the same way. Any child displaying these behaviors regardless of evidence of brain injury
were diagnosed as having brain injury syndrome.
What Causes ADD?
ADD may be caused by a abnormally from trauma, disease, fetal exposure to alcohol and
tobacco, or high levels of Lead. In parts of the brain there is a diminished activity in the
morphology and frontal region of the brain.
Statistics of ADD
Most of the diagnosis is at childhood. Experts say that over 2 million (3 to 5%) children
have ADD. About 50% of these 2 million children who have ADD are believed to be
underachievers. Also with this 50% the children are believed to have social and academic
difficulties. About 40% of the 2 million have a 40% IQ discrepancy. The glad part is that
80% - 90% of these children receive medication for there problem, but most of them still
need behavior modifications. Most schools help with that.
Behaviors Observed in ADD
Some characteristics are:
-Makes careless mistakes in school work.
-Dislikes tasks that involve sustaining mental effort.
-Has difficulty sustaining attention.
-Does not seem to listen when spoken to.
-Often loses things.
-Does not follow through on instructions.
-Often distracted.
-Has difficulty organizing tasks.
-Often forgetful in daily activities.
Six or more of the following symptoms will result in the diagnosis of peractivity-
impulsivity:
Hyperactivity Impulsivity
Fidgets or squirms Often talks excessively
Often leaves seat in classroom Often blurts out answers
Often runs about inappropriately Often has difficulty waiting turn
Difficulty playing quietly Often interrupts others
Also while the person with ADD gets older the Impulsivity gets more consistent. Usually
girls don't show Impulsivity as much as guys.
How To Help ADD In The Classroom
Researchers have identified classroom characteristics which promote success for many
children that have ADD:
-predictability
-structure
-shorter work periods
-small teacher to pupil ratio
-more individualized instruction
-interesting curriculum
-use of positive reinforcements
The teachers attitude is very helpful if she/he has the following characteristics:
Hester Street is based in the era in 1896. This is during the third wave of migration from Eastern Europe to the United States. The family is a Russian Jew that is coming over because of the Industrialized Revolution that was happening in Europe. In 1896, there is the third wave of migration which means they are going
sure what causes ADHD, although some suggest that genes play a dominant role. Most likely
During the recent years, words like attention deficit, hyperactivity, ADD etc. have been quite frequently used among various psychiatric and educational institutes. These words have been making its rounds among most educators, physicians, psychologists and young parents in the society nowadays. A few decades ago people were oblivious of these terms or only a few people had heard these terminologies and had experienced children in a class or any other related place behaving in abnormal ways which included fidgeting, restlessness or having very low attention span.
In the early eighties, children were being diagnosed with a mental illness that consistently brings them out of focus. The mental illness was later named, ADD or ADHD, and not known as an illness but as a disorder. Soon enough ADD was no longer used for diagnoses and became considered an outdated term among doctors. Therefore, instead of ADD and ADHD being two different types of disorders they are now both claimed as attention deficit hyperactive disorder. Although these two types of deficits have inattention difficulties as the primary symptom, they both can not be combined due to ADD having its own preferences on what makes the child or adult inattentive in day to day situations.
Stereotypes strongly influence how people interact, communicate, and establish relationships with others around them (Fries-Britt and Griffin 2007). In mainstream America, black women are often stereotypically portrayed as sex workers, welfare queens, blue-collar service workers, video vixens, and entertainers (Collins 2004). Within these stereotypical depictions, black women are viewed as loud, angry, ghetto, hypersexual, and sometimes violent (Chavous et al. 2004; Childs 2005; Collins 2004; Nguyen & Anthony 2014; Wilkins 2012). In contrast, positive stereotypes of black women showcase them as strong, independent, resilient, loyal to their families and romantic partners, and responsible for sustaining the African American family. These images promote constructive illustrations of black women even though popularized images negatively portray black women (Chavous et al. 2004; Settles 2006; Wilkins 2012). These stereotypes of black women describe positive characteristics that many black women tend to ascribe to and attain. I argue that even though these stereotypes may yield positive behaviors from black women, they are still considered stereotypes because the majority will utilize these stereotypes to negatively categorize black women. In the words of Pat Hill Collins (2004: 263), “African American women’s race and gender classification disadvantages them”. Thus, these
Nine percent of children who are between the ages of five and seventeen are diagnosed with ADHD in the United States (CDC). About 3 million kids that are on ADHD medication are prescribed Ritalin or Adderall. Most people and psychologists see ADHD as a true disorder, then theres those who think the complete opposite. Are children being overmedicated and over diagnosed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), once called hyperkinesis or minimal brain dysfunction, is one of the most common mental disorders among children. (Elia, Ambrosini, Rapoport, 1999) It affects 3 to 5 percent of all children, with approximately 60% to 80% of these children experiencing persistence of symptoms into adolescence and adulthood, causing a lifetime of frustrated dreams and emotional pain. There are two types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an inattentive type and a combined type. The symptoms of ADHD can be classified into three categories: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. This behaviour stops ADHD sufferers from focussing deliberately on organising and completing a specific task that they may not enjoy, learning new skills or information is proved to be impossible. An example of such behaviour is recognised by the report written by the National Institute of Mental Health where one of the subjects under study was unable to pass schooling examinations due to her inattentive behaviour. Such behaviour can damage the person's relationships with others in addition to disrupting their daily life, consuming energy, and diminishing self-esteem. (National Institute of Mental Health 1999) There are also secondary symptoms which are associated with ADHD, such as learning disorders, anxiety, depression and other mood disorders, tic disorders, and conduct disorders. (Spencer, Biederman, and Wilens 1999 in Monastra V, Monastra D, George, 2002)
In today’s society there are many stereotypes surrounding the black community, specifically young black males. Stereotypes are not always blatantly expressed; it tends to happen subconsciously. Being born as a black male puts a target on your back before you can even make an impact on the world. Majority of these negative stereotypes come from the media, which does not always portray black males in the best light. Around the country black males are stereotyped to be violent, mischievous, disrespectful, lazy and more. Black males are seen as a threat to people of different ethnicities whether it is in the business world, interactions with law enforcement or even being in the general public. The misperceptions of black males the make it extremely difficult for us to thrive and live in modern society. Ultimately, giving us an unfair advantage simply due to the color of our skin; something of which we have no control.
First, crime is harmful to all who are involved (Cullen & Jonson, 2017). Second, the aim of corrections ought to be to reverse the harm that has been done (Cullen & Jonson, 2017). Third, the abovementioned goal is accomplished by restoring all involved to their original state (Cullen & Jonson, 2017). These principles all coalesce to form what we know to be restorative justice.
“What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD, ADD)?” National Institute of Mental Health. National Institutes of Health. Web. 6 March 2014.
Children who have symptoms of inattention may be easily distracted, have difficulties focusing, become bored easily, have no organizational skills, or just can't seem to complete or turn in their homework. Children who have symptoms of hyperactivity may have trouble sitting still and being quite, or they may seem like they are constantly "on the go." C...
Emotional intelligence is the subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions. (Ledlow & Coppola,
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), more commonly referred to as ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder), has only recently come to notice of scientists. It affects 3.5 million people under the age of 18 and 5 million people over the age of 18. Its current cause of existence is due to defects at neurotransmitter sites, rendering patients inattentive and impulsive. However, every year more progress is made in locating the cause and finding more effective treatments. ADHD's first diagnosis was made in 1902 by Dr. George Still. He observed 20 children who were inattentive, impulsive, hyperactive, and showed mood swings. He initially attributed their behavior to mild brain damage. By 1917 ADHD or constantly active was still thought to have this cause. At this time, viral encephalitis seemed to be linked to the disease because, after being infected, children had impaired attention, memory, and impulse control. In 1937 ADHD was known as minimal brain dysfunction and began to be treated with amphetamines, which made children with the disorder much calmer.
Emotional intelligence is the ability to gauge your emotions as well as the emotions of those around you, to make a distinction among those emotions, and then use that information to help guide your actions (Educated Business Articles , 2017). It also helps us consciously identify and conceive the ways in which we think, feel, and act when engaging with others, while giving us a better insight to ourselves (Educated Business Articles , 2017). Emotional Intelligence defines the ways in which we attain as well as retain information, setting priorities, in addition to regulating our daily actions. It is also suggested that as much as 80% of our success in life stems from our
Agreeing on a definition of restorative justice has proved difficult. One definition is a theory of justice that focuses mostly on repairing the harm caused by criminal behaviour. The reparation is done through a cooperative process that includes all the stakeholders. Restorative justice can also be explained as an approach of justice that aims to satisfy the needs of the victims and offenders, as well as the entire community. The most broadly accepted definition for restorative justice, however, is a process whereby all the parties that have a stake in a specific offence collectively resolve on how to deal with the aftermath. This process is largely focused around reparation, reintegration and participation of victims. That is to say, it is a victim-centred approach to criminal justice, and it perceives crime differently than the adversarial system of justice.