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Symptoms of autism academic paper
Treatments for early autism essay
Symptoms of autism academic paper
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It was a pleasure to see Daniel (age 4 years, 2 months) in clinic on January 9, 2014 as part of his ongoing developmental assessment. Developmental testing was performed to assess his social communication, behavior and interactions, and to identify any restrictive interests or repetitive behaviors. A physical examination and some brief cognitive measures were also obtained. Daniel’s father accompanied him to this visit.
Daniel was first seen in Developmental Clinic on December 19, 2013. At that time, concerns of his family related to his overall development – they are wondering whether he is behind. Daniel’s parents also raise concerns about his social communication and how he interacts with others; they note that he is often not as engaged with others.
In the interim, Daniel has continued in his junior kindergarten class. He has also continued to receive Early Intervention Services with Vimmi from Adventure Place. Vimmi has observed Daniel in school and noted him to be engaging in reciprocal and sustained play with other children in his class. He did seem more reserved around adults, but is reportedly fitting in with the classroom routine. Adventure Place has continued to work with his family on community resources and behavioral strategies for the home environment.
ADOS-2:
For today’s assessment we have administered the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Second Edition. The ADOS-2 is a standardized semi-structure assessment of language, social interactions and play, or imaginative use of materials in individuals who have been referred because of a possible autism spectrum diagnosis. The ADOS is designed to elicit behaviors that are relevant to the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. The module used is determ...
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...ng steps and is a good runner, age equivalent 3 years 2 months. In his fine motor skills, Daniel can unwrap a small wrapper and write out some of his letters and numbers. He holds his pencil appropriately, age equivalent 4 years 5 months. The total motor skills composite was at the 42nd percentile for age.
IMPRESSION AND PLAN:
In summary, Daniel is a 4-year and 2-month-old boy undergoing developmental assessment. The results of testing today showed that Daniel has many strengths but is struggling in some area relating to social communication. Information from all the sources will be reviewed. I will meet again with Daniel’s parents and we will review the findings of our testing and discuss Daniel’s overall clinical picture as well as make recommendations for future plans. I will plan to send a note at that time.
Thank you for involving me in Daniel’s care.
The most typical component of ABA used is positive reinforcement, which studies have shown to be an effective technique within a variety of settings and circumstances. Ferguson and Rosales-Ruiz (2001) conducted a study in which they utilized positive reinforcement in order to modify the behavior of horses. Prior to the study, the five horses observed were demonstrating inappropriate behaviors while loading into a trailer, which can be dangerous for both caregivers and the animals (p. 409). In order to deter these behaviors, the researchers provided the mares with preferred foods as positive reinforcement as the behavior was gradually shaped. They began by reinforcing approximate behaviors until the desirable behavior was achieved. At first, the horses were reinforced with food for several trials if they simply stepped near the entryway and touched their noses to a towel (the distance marker) without maladaptive behaviors. Over the series of eight steps, the target was pushed farther back into the trailer and the horses were reinforced for each successive approximation (p. 412). After all of the trials, each horse ended up completing the tasks and the inappropriate behaviors thereafter fell to zero. This was completed simply through the use of shaping and positively reinforcing the successive approximations of the behavior without the use of punishment or negative reinforcement (p. 421).
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has two main core criteria, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5). The first of the two criteria is ‘Persistent Deficits in Social Communication and Interaction across Multiple Contexts’ under which there are three categories. The first being deficits in social emotional reciprocity which may include atypical social approach and failure of the back and forth exchange of normal conversation. In addition, there may be a failure to respond or initiate social interaction as well as reduced emotions, interest or effect sharing. In the scenario ‘Ben loves Trains’ it is indicated that Ben is content to play alone for hours, he doesn’t interact with his sister in
During the first nine months of Dominic’s life he was sick several times with colds and digestive complications which are not typical for infants. Physically, Dominic was active the first nine months. At three months he began to start laughing and would focus his eyes on me, the mom (My Virtual Child). At eight months we would play object permanence games which enhanced his cognitive development and at nine months old Dominic was adv...
Common behaviors exhibited by individuals on the Autism Spectrum are labeled as disruptive and self injurious. Fortunately, these behaviors, that can be dangerous to the Autistic individual and others around them, can be managed with psychopharmacological treatment. Behaviors that often times fall under the category of common disruptive and self injurious behaviors, according to Ji, Capone and Kaufmann (2011), are irritability, impulsivity, having temper tantrums and yelling at inappropriate times. Physically aggressive behaviors, such as biting, scratching, kicking and hitting, are often times, more dangerous than some of the other behaviors exhibited. Physically aggressive behaviors are seen as more dangerous than other type of aggressive behaviors because they can harm someone, and in some instances cause fractures, sprains and in severe instances, can cause death. Bronsard, Botbol and Tordjman (2010) found after researching 74 Autistic children and Adolescence that the most prevalent aggressive behaviors are slapping, pinching, throwing objects, head butting, scratching, tearing, hair/scab/skin pulling, biting, kicking, poking and spitting. Along with physical aggression, individuals on the Autism Spectrum often times display self injurious behaviors. In the study, “Self-Injurious Behaviour in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability”, Richards, Oliver, Nelson and Moss (2012) studied 149 individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and found that the most common self injurious behaviors displayed are hitting ones-self with their own body, hitting themselves against objects/with objects, biting themselves, pulling/rubbing and scratching self and sodomizing themselves. Researches found that these behavi...
A copy of the Ages & Stages is given to the parent with their child’s result ASQ. If there is an area or areas that need to be strengthened, we created an Individual Learning Plan to help the child reach his potential. When a weakness is observed in an area, we work with the child on those specific goals. We will observe and document the child’s progress. Parents are asked to provide a 1” binder and clear sheet protectors in order to build a portfolio of the child’s progressive work and parents are welcome to review their child’s portfolio at any time. Usually, when the children are fourteen months, they are sent to the next classroom. If they are not ready in some area or areas, there might be some delays in advancing them to the next classroom. In the meantime, we work with the child to overcome the weakness is having. We work with the child in each age intervals by reinforcing an activity related to the weakness he is having in a particular area of development that will put him/her where he/she supposed to be for his/her
Children who suffer from ASD usually have the appearance of normal development and then become withdrawn and regress from social interaction (Melinda Smith, 2013). The impaired social interaction of the disorder affects communication both verbally and non- verbally (Melinda Smith, 2013). Their communication with others and the world around them is also affected, as well as their thinking and behavior (Melinda Smith, 2013).
Carlos and his mother met for the DD Intake at the Laburnum office. Carlos is a 7 year- old who attends Radcliff Elementary School. Carlos doesn't use his words to communicate. Yesterday he received a communication device paid for by Medicaid and he receives ABA Therapy 3x a week provided by Family Insight. Carlos's mother seemed disappointed in Carlos performance on the VIDES worksheet; as she shook her head and sighed. He pointed randomly at the objects on the worksheet and used his communication device twice to say, "Stop".
...rding to the parameters set for a four year old, this child exhibits a more mature development in the areas of social and language skills.Overall I can say that he is a happy extroverted boy.
While completing my practicum this last semester I observed an seven year old boy named J. J is a second grader in a mixed first and second grade Montessori classroom at Sandhills Primary School. He is smart and excels at science. J is also on the autism spectrum. He is the first born to his twin brother. They are not in the same class due to different academic levels, but they have a very good relationship. In comparison to his twin J seems to be more advanced academically and physically. While Kidwatching J I was able to learn a lot about the way that he thinks and learns. Throughout this paper I will discuss J’s physical, affective, and cognitive development.
This child study report involved different approaches to observation and assessment. Play-based observation, an approach to assessment that involves observing a child in their natural environment and daily routine, was predominantly used to provide a personal report on a specific child 's development in the physical, cognitive, language/literacy, and social emotional developmental domains. Play-based learning uses a curriculum called hands on learning, "[involving] children as active participants, encouraging them to manipulate, investigate, experiment, and solve problems" (pg. 160). The goal of play-based observation, or hands-on learning, is to capture where the child is developmentally, where his strengths are
Seth is a 4 year old boy who was diagnosed with Autism. He is an only child and concerns about his development rose when he didn't engage in peek-a-boo or mimicking facial expressions/gestures. His parents, at a young age, would try to engage him or attain his attention with toys, songs, or games but Seth had no interest. Seth early made eye contact, didn't babble, or respond when his name was called. His motor skills developed at the appropriate age but at the age 2 Seth still had no words. His parents had his hearing checked, and the results came back that he was healthy, but he was diagnosed with autism and started to receive services through his public school at 3 years old.
Children diagnosed with a Developmental Language Disorder at a young age benefit from early intervention. The earlier a child is able to receive treatment, the more effective the treatment will be. This article explains how most children diagnosed with autism earlier than 3 years of age retain that diagnosis when they turn 3. This diagnosis is critical because it can influence how the child receives early intervention. The goal of this study is to determine how accurately a child could be diagnosed with autism and retain that diagnosis 1 year later. The study also seeks to determine characteristics that children with autism demonstrate under the age of 3.
One of the most exciting milestones for a parent to witness is the first words a child speaks. However children that are diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have difficulty speaking. Often times, speech is delayed which makes communication with the child difficult. The first thing that a child learns to do is cry. This is how they alert their parents or caregivers of what they need (Baby Center, 2014). At about six months of age, children will begin to use their tongues, palates, and newly emerging teeth to create sounds. This is there way of teaching themselves to talk. Unlike children who are developing normally, ASD children begin to repeat certain sounds over and over. Once the child is old enough to be able to speak and hold conversations, ASD is easily noticeable. The communication of a child with ASD is habitually rigid and repetitive (CDC, 2013). This can include things that they hear on a normal basis, like commercials or songs.
tried giving him a drink or some food in the hope that she had guessed
During the first years of life, communication is foundational to a child’s healthy development. Most children rapidly acquire speech and language skills to allow them to express needs and wants, interact socially with adults and peers, expand their conceptual development, and develop the foundation for more advanced language and literacy skills. There are many factors that can contribute to speech and language difficulties. It is important when a child is being assessed to rule out any physical or mental disabilities that might be impacting their language. Some children do not develop speech and language skills as expected due to motor, language, cognitive, and sensory impairments that may result from Cerebral Palsy, Autism, Down