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Synthesis of aspirin lab
Synthesis of aspirin lab
Synthesis of aspirin lab
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In the beginning of our experiment of the synthesis of aspirin, we believed that if the catalyst increases in Ka value, i.e. acidity, and the conjugate base(s) do not react, then the percent yield of aspirin will increase when percent yield is a function of the acidity of the catalyst. While performing the experiment, we discovered that the sulfuric acid dissociated the most, which allowed the substance to have the greatest percent yield. This is due to the fact that the increased dissociation allows for more hydrogen protons to be donated. The sulfuric acid had the highest percent yield with a value of 69.7%. In addition, the phosphoric acid dissociated less than the sulfuric acid due to its lower Ka value.
Extraction is a separation method that is often used in the laboratory to separate one or more components from a mixture. Sucrose was separated at the beginning because it is the most immiscible and it’s strongly insoluble. Next Acetylsalicylic Acid was separated which left Acetanilide alone. Variety steps could have led to errors occurring. For example the step of separation, when dichloromethane layer was supposed to be drained out, it could be possible some aqueous layer was drained with it. Which could make the end result not as accurate. Also errors could have occurred if possibly some dichloromethane was not drained out. Both way could interfere with end result of figuring the amount of each component in the mixture. The solids percentage were 22.1% more than the original. That suggests that solids weren’t separated completely which clarifies the reason the melting points that were recorded were a slightly lower than the actual component’s melting point. The melting point for Acetylsalicylic Acid is 136 C but that range that was recorded during the experiment was around 105 C to 118 C. The melting points were slightly lower than the literature value. Sucrose was the purest among all component due to its higher melting point which follows the chemical rule that the higher the melting point the more pure the component
This experiment synthesized luminol (5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione) and used the product to observe how chemiluminescence would work. The starting material was 5-nitro-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione, which was, after addition of reaction agents, refluxed and vacuum filtered to retrieve luminol. Using two stock solutions, we missed our precipitated luminol with sodium hydroxide, potassium ferricyanide, and hydrogen peroxide, in their respective solutions, in a dark room, to observe the blue light
Abstract: This week we experimentally determined the rate constant k for the reaction 2HCl (aq) +Na2S2O3 (aq) → S (s) + SO2 (aq) + H2O (l) + 2NaCl (aq). In order to do this the average reaction time was recorded in seconds during two trials. The data from the experiment shows this reaction is in the first order overall: rate=.47s-1 [HCl]0 [Na2S2O3]1. These findings seem to be consistent with the expected results
The product that was recovered was tan, shiny crystals and weighed 0.916 g. The partial percent yield for this step was 45.96 %. This yield was determined by using the amount of 4-acetamidobenezenesulfonamide in this step to calculate the theoretical yield. The amount recovered was then divided by this theoretical yield to the partial percent yield. Once both partial percent yields were determined, the overall percent yield for this multistep synthesis was calculated. The overall percent yield for this experiment is 26.72 %, and was determined by taking the product of 0.4596 and 0.5814, and multiplying it by 100. One reason the overall yield is low, is the constant transferring of materials from one apparatus to another. If the reactions could be performed in one apparatus, the amount of product lost during transfers would be eliminated. Even though there was a low recovery, identification of the final product was confirmed, and tests for solubility were performed. For the solubility test, sulfanilamide was tested with 1.5 M HCl and 1.5 M NaOH. Both test resulted in sulfanilamide being soluble in each solvent. Next, the melting point for the final product was found. The melting point for this compound was determined to be 163-165 ˚C which matches the known value for sulfanilamide. The IR spectrum, RM-12-Ci, also confirms that the reaction was completed. In the IR spectrum, a carbonyl group was not present. This is important because sulfanilamide does not contain this functional group like the previous products. The only functional groups that are present in this spectrum are an amine group at 3551-3239 cm-1, a nitrogen-hydrogen bend at 1596 cm-1, a sulfone at 1305 cm-1 and 1142 cm-1, and a para substituted ring at 824 cm-1. All of the functional groups are found in the product. The 1H NMR spectrum also confirm that
Aspirin contains the substance acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), which can relieve inflammation, fever, pain, and known as a “blood thinner”. Aspirin was not officially trademarked until March 6, 1899 when the Imperial Office of Berlin made it official. It has been used for the last 110 years, but its natural form, salicylic acid has been around for thousands by Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Aspirin is available in over 80 countries and known as the best non-prescription drug. The most common use of aspirin is to cure headaches and use it as a pain reliever, but aspirin is known to prevent heart attack and strokes. It was first proposed in 1940, but wasn’t confirmed until 1970 when doctors would recommend taking aspirin daily [1].
Hydrolysis of aspartame under acidic or basic conditions results in aspartic acid, phenylalanine and methanol. Several solutions can be prepared in order to study the amino acids of aspartame. With TLC analysis, we were able to observe the polarity of each of the solutions prepared. Out of all the solutions, aspartic acid has the lowest Rf value because it is a charged amino acid, therefore it is polar. The solution with the highest Rf is phenylalanine because it is a hydrophobic amino acid.
Ninhydrin test is performed to detect the presence of free α-amino group (-NH2) which presents in all amino acids, proteins or peptides. It is an endothermic process involving redox reaction. Ninhydrin is a powerful oxidizing agent which also known as triketohydrindene hydrate. First, an oxidative deamination reaction occurs as the α-amino acid reacts with ninhydrin. Two hydrogens from the α-amino acid are elicited to produce an alpha-imino acid. On the same time, the ninhydrin itself undergoes reduction by losing an oxygen atom to form reduced ninhydrin, hydrindantin. Next, hydrolysis reaction happens. The amine group in the alpha-imino acid reacts with the water molecule to form an alpha-keto acid with an ammonia molecule. The alpha-keto acid then undergoes decarboxylation to form an aldehyde with a carboxyl group (CO2). The net result includes hydrindantin, aldehyde, ammonia, and CO2. The hydrindantin and ammonia produced are responsible for the colour formation. The process is continuing as ninhydrin condenses with ammonia and hydrindantin to produce an intensely blue or purple pigment, Ruhemann's purple. This reaction provides an extremely sensitive test for amino acids. Ninhydrin which is originally yellow reacts with amino acid and turns deep purple. The colour intensity produced is directly proportional to the amino acid
This experiment is based on being able to properly isolate/purify trimyristin from nutmeg and synthesize myristic acid from trimyristin. Liquid-solid extraction and recrystallization are the techniques used to isolate/purify the trimyristin from nutmeg. Base hydrolysis is the technique used to synthesize the myristic acid from trimyristin. Isolating trimyristin from nutmeg is considered natural product chemistry. Natural product chemistry involves isolating organic compounds from living things, such as plants (Weldegirma 2016). Usually, natural product chemistry is complicated, intensive, and tedious. However, the isolation of trimyristin is not very difficult because a large portion of nutmeg is made up of trimyristin. Trimyristin is a unique triglyceride, as all three of its fatty acid groups are identical.
In this lab, it was determined how the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is affected by physical factors such as enzyme concentration, temperature, and substrate concentration affect. The question of what factors influence enzyme activity can be answered by the results of peroxidase activity and its relation to temperature and whether or not hydroxylamine causes a reaction change with enzyme activity. An enzyme is a protein produced by a living organism that serves as a biological catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction and does so by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. With that energy reactants are brought together so that products can be formed.
Falak Mdahi Chem 203.2 The Synthesis of Acetanilide from Acetic Anhydride and Aniline Introduction Recrystallization is a technique used to purify solids that contain small amounts of impurities. It is used to isolate pure solids from a supersaturated solution, leaving the impurities in the solvent (1). The solid containing the impurities is placed in a hot solvent and upon cooling the compound precipitates to its purified form while the impurities are left behind in the solvent (1). There are six steps when it comes to undergoing a recrystallization of a solid.
SN2 reactions are described as bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions that occur in one concerted step without the formation of a carbocation intermediate. These reactions are performed most effectively in polar aprotic solvents such as acetone. The steric hindrance presented in the substrate is considered the most important factor due to the fact that the more steric hindrance there is around the halide, the harder it is for it to leave. The collected data for the SN2 reactions support this logic by showing that primary halides on substrates 4, 6, and 7 occurred within the first 5 minutes of the reaction. Substrates 6 and 7 were acted on immediately because 6 is allylic and 7 is benzylic, which creates an over lap of the pi bonds
Background Information Aspirin is an analgesic (pain relieving) and an antipyretic drug (a drug that lowers body temperature). The main constituent of aspirin is 2 - ethanoythydroxybenzoic acid, also known as acetylsalicyclic acid (shown below right). It was originally made from just salicylic acid (which is found in the bark of a willow tree) when used by the Ancient Greeks to counter fever and pain, but its bitterness and tendency to irritate the stomach caused problems. These were resolved by the German chemist Felix Hoffman, who made the acetyl derivative of salicylic acid in the
Isolating Keratin protein is done through oxidation and reduction. Keratin can be converted into soluble proteins in acid and be digestible by trypsin or pepsin when oxidized. After oxidation, reduction occurs in an alkaline reaction (basic solutions) with optimum pH of 10-13. Reduction also considered as hydrolysis dissolves disulfide groups, which then starts unravelling the fibrous keratin structures. Reductants such as thioglycolic acid, potassium cyanide and sodium sulfide/sulfite can be used to dissolve the disulfide groups.
His second book “Sirr al Asrar” is about chemical operations regarding pharmacology such as the instruments used in laboratory and chemical reactions. “Sirr al Asrar” gained special recognition in the West and was translated to Latin.
Sulphuric acid is considered to be one of the strongest acids. It was first discovered in the 800A.D by an Islamic chemist by the name of Jābir ibn Hayyān. It is also the world’s most important industrial chemical, often called the “oil of vitrol”. It is a diprotic acid and is very corrosive and it able to eat through many organic substances and the acid is soluble in water at all concentrations. One of the reason as to why sulphuric Acid is important to the chemical industry because it has many different uses examples of this include lead-acid vehicles battery, oil refining and over 50% of sulphuric acid is used as fertilisers.