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Benefits of organ donation essay
Benefits of organ donation essay
An essay on organ transplantation
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Artificial organ for transplant The next application of animal biotechnology in pharmaceutical is artificial organ for transplant. Organ transplant can be defined as “a surgical operation where a failing or damaged organ in the human body is removed and replaced with a new one” (Paul, Valapour, Bartele, Abbott-Penny, & Kahn, 2004, p.5). According to Paul, Valapour, Bartele, Abbott-Penny, and Kahn (2004), example of organs that can be transplanted are skin, cornea and bone marrow that are less invasive but require specialized procedures. Cooper and Ayares (2012) mentioned that xenotransplantation is cross-species organ transplantation from animal to treat human. Furthermore, every year human need organs, tissues and cells for transplantation but lack in number of deceased human organs, so the interest of using organs and cells from animal species are rises continuously (Cooper & Ayares, 2012). Other than that, Houdebine, Lena and Burachik (2012) had stated that the most likely species for clinical transplantation into human is pig. In human heart surgery, the pig heart valves have been used for almost 30 years and in 1960’s, the best result was achieved when a chimpanzee’s kidney was transplanted into one patient who lived for nine months after the surgery (Nairne et al., 1996). There are few reasons to some people who need transplant for their organs. First, they were born with a structural abnormality of an organ. For example, congenital heart defect or biliary artresia that make a child require to undergo liver transplant. Next, nobody is perfect since some people was born with disease due to inherited disorder from their parents or some mutation happens in their genes that causes an organ fail to function well. Then the last ... ... middle of paper ... ...lopment of genetically modified animals. Collection of Biosafety, 7, 36-75. Nairne, P., Allen, I., Andrews, J., Brazier, M., Forrester, D., Heap, B. (1996). The ethics of xenotransplantation: Animal-to-Human Transplants. Retrieved from http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/xenotransplantation.pdf Paul, B., Valapour, M., Bartele, D., Abbott-Penny, A., & Kahn, J. (2004). Ethics of organ transplantation. Retrieved from http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/Organ_Transplantation.pdf Pohlmeier, B., & Eenennaam, A. V. (2008). Biomedical applications of genetically engineered and cloned animals. Retrieved from http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/animalbiotech/Outreach/Biomedical_applications_genetically_engineered_animals.pdf Transplant Australia (n.d.). Why people need transplants. Retrieved from http://www.transplant.org.au/Why-people-need-transplants.html
Gregory exposes and informs the audience that there are thousands of people that are dying and suffering as a result of not being able to receive transplants. Persuasively, Gregory is pushing and convincing readers to open their eyes and agree that there should be a legal market in organ selling and that people should be compensated for their donation. The author approaches counterarguments such as the market will not be fair and the differences between a liberalist’s and conservative’s views on organ selling. Liberal claims like “my body, my choice” and the Conservative view of favoring free markets are what is causing controversy to occur. Gregory suggests that these studies “show that this has become a matter of life and death” (p 452, para 12). Overall, Anthony Gregory makes great claims and is successful in defending them. He concludes with “Once again, humanitarianism is best served by the respect for civil liberty, and yet we are deprived both… just to maintain the pretense of state-enforced propriety” (p 453, para 15). In summary, people are deprived of both humanitarianism and civil liberty all because of the false claim of state-enforced behaviors considered to be appropriate or correct. As a result, lives are lost and human welfare is at
First of all, we can assess issues concerning the donor. For example, is it ever ethically acceptable to weaken one person’s body to benefit another? It has to be said that the practiced procedures are not conducted in the safest of ways, which can lead to complications for both donors and recipients (Delmonico 1416). There are also questions concerning of informed consent: involved donors are not always properly informed about the procedure and are certainly not always competent to the point of fully grasping the situation (Greenberg 240). Moral dilemmas arise for the organ recipient as well. For instance, how is it morally justifiable to seek and purchase organs in foreign countries? Is it morally acceptable to put oneself in a dangerous situation in order to receive a new organ? Some serious safety issues are neglected in such transactions since the procedures sometimes take place in unregulated clinics (Shimazono 959). There is also the concept of right to health involved in this case (Loriggio). Does someone’s right to health have more value than someone else’s? Does having more money than someone else put your rights above theirs? All of these questions have critical consequences when put into the context of transplant tourism and the foreign organ trade. The answers to these questions are all taken into account when answering if it is morally justifiable to purchase
It is said that “Some agree with Pope John Paul II that the selling of organs is morally wrong and violates “the dignity of the human person” (qtd. In Finkel 26), but this is a belief professed by healthy and affluent individuals” (158). MacKay is using ethos the show the morality of those that believe it is wrong for organ sales. The morals shown are those of people who have yet to experience a situation of needing a new organ. Having a healthy and wealthy lifestyle, they cannot relate to those that have trouble with money and a unhealthy lifestyle as the poor. The poor and the middle class are the ones that suffer being last on the list for a transplant, thus have different ethics. Paying an absurd amount of money and still having to be at the bottom of the list for a transplant, is something no person anywhere in the world should have to
The term “medical transplant” is referred to the process of organ donation. In current modern trends, the world is moving towards the fifth generation. The new innovative medical techniques have enabled the people to reform from severe diseases. The phenomenon of organ donation and transplant is based on two primary persons. It involves surgical process to remove a body organ and tissue form from donor and fitting it into the body of recipient. In addition, the transplant that is performed within same body is called auto graft. Medical transplant that is performed in between to different bodies of same species is called allografts (Hewitt, 2008). The main reason of medical transplantation and organ donation is any injury and disease which prohibit the organ to work in proper condition.
Organ sales and donation are a controversial topic that many individuals cannot seem to agree upon. However, if someone close; a family member, friend, or someone important in life needed a transplant, would that mindset change? There are over one hundred and nineteen thousand men, women, and children currently waiting on the transplant list, and twenty-two of them die each day waiting for a transplant (Organ, 2015). The numbers do not lie. Something needs to be done to ensure a second chance at life for these individuals. Unfortunately, organ sales are illegal per federal law and deemed immoral. Why is it the government’s choice what individuals do with their own body? Organ sales can be considered an ethical practice when all sides of the story are examined. There are a few meanings to the word ethical in this situation; first, it would boost the supply for the
Turner, L. (2009). Commercial organ transplantation in the Phillippines. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics , 18, 192-196.
Currently 70,000 Americans are on the organ waiting list and fewer than 20,000 of these people can hope to have their lives saved by human organ transplantation.1 As a result of this shortage, there has been a tremendous demand for research in alternative methods of organ transplantation. Private companies are racing to develop these technologies with an estimated market of six billion dollars.2 Xenotransplantation, or cross-species organ transplantation, appears to be the most likely solution in the near future, and cloned pigs are the main candidates. Pigs and humans have remarkable similarities in physiology, which along with cloning makes pigs strong possibilities for organ donors. A controversial alternative method involves the use of genetically altered headless human beings as organ donors. Although this method may not be developed for some years, scientists are already discussing the necessary technologies. Whether the solution is the cloning of a pig or a human, organ farms may provide us with a solution to our ever-increasing need for donors.
One single organ donor can save the lives of eight people and that same donor can help to improve health conditions of fifty other people as said by an article on facts about donation. Organ donation is when a living or deceased person's organs are taken out by medical physicians and surgically inserted into another person's body to help improve their health condition. The receiver and donor of the organ are not the only people affected by the transplant. Families of the donor will often become relieved knowing that their loved one will be continuing to help needy people even after they are gone and the families of the receiver will also sleep better knowing that there is still a chance that someone could help the medical status of their loved one. Organ transplant has also overcome many scientific challenges. Jekyll’s actions in Dr.
When viewing organ donation from a moral standpoint we come across many different views depending on the ethical theory. The controversy lies between what is the underlying value and what act is right or wrong. Deciding what is best for both parties and acting out of virtue and not selfishness is another debatable belief. Viewing Kant and Utilitarianism theories we can determine what they would have thought on organ donation. Although it seems judicious, there are professionals who seek the attention to be famous and the first to accomplish something. Although we are responsible for ourselves and our children, the motives of a professional can seem genuine when we are in desperate times which in fact are the opposite. When faced with a decision about our or our children’s life and well being we may be a little naïve. The decisions the patients who were essentially guinea pigs for the first transplants and organ donation saw no other options since they were dying anyways. Although these doctors saw this as an opportunity to be the first one to do this and be famous they also helped further our medical technology. The debate is if they did it with all good ethical reasoning. Of course they had to do it on someone and preying upon the sick and dying was their only choice. Therefore we are responsible for our own health but when it is compromised the decisions we make can also be compromised.
In this paper I will be using the normative theory of utilitarianism as the best defensible approach to increase organ donations. Utilitarianism is a theory that seeks to increase the greatest good for the greatest amount of people (Pense2007, 61). The utilitarian theory is the best approach because it maximizes adult organ donations (which are the greater good) so that the number of lives saved would increase along with the quality of life, and also saves money and time.
In conclusion, although there are some valid reasons to support the creation of an organ market based on the principles of beneficence and autonomy, there are also many overriding reasons against the market. Allowing the existence of organ markets would theoretically increase the number of organ transplants by living donors, but the negative results that these organ markets will have on society are too grave. Thus, the usage of justice and nonmaleficence as guiding ethical principles precisely restricts the creation of the organ market as an ethical system.
“Transplanting animal organs into humans is feasible.” USA Today. November 1999: 54-55. Gehlsen, Gale M., Ganion, Larry R. and Robert Helfst.
Ethical implications of genetically modifying, breeding, and killing pigs with the purpose of transplanting organs and tissues to benefit humans is questioned. Fox (1996) proposed a moral question regarding ethical concerns, “how do we morally balance animal suffering and human benefit because their genetic makeup and behavior is close to humans?”. Additionally, critics believe pigs do not have the ability to oppose being genetically modified and sacrificing their life to save a human’s is morally wrong. Because of ethical concerns, many believe xenotransplantation is animal cruelty. However, these animals have great potential in curing diseases and saving lives. This leaves people questioning what is more unethical, using pigs to save lives or allowing people to die. After consulting with countless doctors, Beschorner (2013) states “pig organs in particular offer a variety of advantages”. Pigs could potentially cure the organ shortage because the abundance of healthy and sanitary organs that are available for transplantation. The pigs used for these procedures will be used to their full potential. Also, the doctors can choose a pig that is the most suitable for their patient. In addition, the genetic modifications of pigs creates new opportunities such as curing rejection, curing diseases, and creating perfect pigs to save lives. Therefore, pigs should be used for xenotransplantation because pigs cure severe medical conditions and can save countless human
Great medical discoveries pertaining to genetic modification are being made regularly and scientists are discovering new ways in which genetic engineering could be used to update certain medical procedures in the future. Complicated procedures such as organ transplantation have been made more successful with the use of genetic modification. Lab-grown bladders, windpipes, blood vessels and skin are some examples of organic matter that have been successfully grown with human cells and transplanted into human patients. The demand that the human population has on donor organs far exceeds the number of organs available for transplant. Genetic modification is the solution to this problem, in that, the advances being made in therapeutic medicine will save millions of lives in the future. Now that it is possible to alter the genes of an organis...
"Xenotransplantation – Ethical Considerations Based on Human and Societal Perspectives." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. March 31, 2004. http://www.actavetscand.com/content/45/S1/S65.