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Causes of schizophrenia essay
Treatment of schizophrenia sample essay
Causes of schizophrenia essay
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Schizophrenia is a devastating mental illness affecting around one percent of humanity. Though estimates vary, conservatively, of that one percent, around a third are victims of the most intractable form of the disease. The purpose of this literature review is to examine the effectiveness and efficacy of established modalities for those diagnosed with this treatment resistant schizophrenia.
Review
According to Harvey, P. D., & Rosenthal, J. B. (2016), around 30% of those diagnosed with schizophrenia are resistant to established treatments with antipsychotics. Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic considered most effective in the addressing the needs of this cohort, with at least one third responding to treatment.
Brenner and Merlo (1995),
Classical antipsychotic treatments are commonly used to treat schizophrenic patients with major positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as Thorazine, Haldol, and Stelazine (Gleitman et al., 2011). Antipsychotic treatments are usually administered with a variety of psychosocial treatments including social skills training, vocational rehabilitation, supported employment, family therapy, or individual therapy (Barlow & Durand, 2014). This is to reduce relapse and help the patient improve their skills in deficits and comply in consuming the
Lehman, A, Dixon, L, Perkins, D (2004). Treatments of Patients with Schizophrenia: Second Edition. https://www.alliancebhc.org/wp-content/uploads/Schizophrenia-Adult-1.pdf
Saks wrote this book to promote awareness about the reality of schizophrenia.... ... middle of paper ... ... Several studies reported that, although symptom remission could be obtained for 27% of patients within 4 weeks and 45% within 5 years following treatment initiation, 20– 30% of patients reached a treatment-resistant status on the other side.
Clozapine and the Treatment of Schizophrenia Clozapine, marketed by the trade name of "Clozaril," is a member of the dibenzodiazepine class of antipsychotic medication, and is one of many types of neuroleptic drugs. Clozapine is an atypical medication because it differs from the older conventional drugs such as Halodol or Lithium. The difference between atypical and the older drugs is because there less neuroleptic activity as a result of more specific receptors utilized. The atypical drugs work effectively to treat psychotic illnesses and tend to have fewer side effects than their predecessors. Clozapine has been found to be the most effective antipsychotic drug for treatment resistant schizophrenia.
Risperdal Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic used to alleviate the symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is defined by its effects in altering perception, thoughts, or consciousness called hallucinations or delusions. It affects about 1% of the population, with about 2 million people affected in the United States. About 50% of those affected become severely and permanently disabled and dependent upon public assistance. Schizophrenics make up about 10% of the totally disabled population and as much as 14% of the homeless.
-Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, Keefe RS, Davis SM, Davis CE, Lebowitz BD, Severe J, Hsiao JK. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2005. Web.
According to Gamble and Brennan (2000), the effectiveness of medication for schizophrenia to relieve patients from psychotic symptoms is limited. Although patients have adequate medication, some received little or no benefit from it and almost half of them still experience psychotic symptoms. They are also more likely to suffer relapse (Gamble and Brennan, 2000). Furthermore, Valmaggia, et al. (2005) found that 50% of patients who fully adhere to anti-psychotic medication regimes still have ongoing positi...
Addington, J., Piskulic, D., & Marshall, C. (n.d). Psychosocial Treatments for Schizophrenia. Current Directions In Psychological Science, 19(4), 260-263.
Schizophrenia requires a lifetime of treatment through either medications and therapy, in many cases both is needed. Psychiatrist’s help patients survive through the disease. Another form to treat schizophrenia is through antipsychotic medications which are most commonly prescribed drugs to treat schizophrenia.
...ected over another because it has less chance of damaging a diseased liver, worsening a heart condition, or affecting a patient’s high blood pressure. For all the benefits that anti-psychotic drugs provide, clearly they are far from ideal. Some patients will show marked improvement with drugs, while others might be helped only a little, if at all. Ideally, drugs soon will be developed to treat successfully the whole range os schizophrenia symptoms. Roughly one third of schizophrenic patients make a complete recovery and have no further recurrence, one third have recurrent episodes of the illness, and one third deteriorate into chronic schizophrenia with severe disability (Kass, 206).
National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health. Schizophrenia. 31 Jan 2013. Web. 15 May 2014
Cognitive deficits represent a particularly important point of intervention for the treatment of schizophrenia, a debilitating psychiatric disease that affects approximately 1% of the population (McGrath et al., 2008). These deficits are present in unmedicated (Saykin et al., 1991) and first episode patients with schizophrenia (Bilder et al., 1991; Hoff et al., 2005). Cognitive deficits are present throughout the lifetime of a patient with schizophrenia (Aylward et al., 1984) and remain stable through at least 10 years of illness (Hoff et al., 2005). Amelioration of the cognitive deficits, more than positive and negative symptoms, predict a satisfactory functional outcome in terms of full time employment and therefore represent an important target for therapeutic intervention (Green, 1996; Green, 2006). However, current typical antipsychotics generate little if any improvement in cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and therefore novel compounds are needed as indicated by the initiative sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health called Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) (Keefe et al., 2007; Young et al., 2009).
Mental illnesses are diseases that plague a being’s mind and corrupts one’s thoughts and feelings. Schizophrenia is one of the many disastrous illnesses that consume one’s life, is known as a real disease that deserves much attention. Experts believe that what causes the illness is a defect in the gene’s of the brain, and little signs of schizophrenia are shown until about one’s early adult years. Some effects of schizophrenia can either be negative or positive, but even if the effects could be either one, people should still be aware that there is something puzzling and alarming happening in the mind of a schizophrenic patient.
Stahl, S. M., & Mignon, L. (2010). Antipsychotics: Treating psychosis, mania and depression (2nd ed.).
However, another 25% also show improvement but still require extensive support (Schizophrenia Facts and Statistics, n.d.). Based on this, we can see that a high proportion of patients are able to live normal lives after treatment. Although relapses may occur if the patient stops taking medication after recovery, most of the patients who are aware that they have suffered a relapse will search for assistance to prevent anymore instances of a relapse occurring. In John Nash’s case, he is fully aware of his schizophrenic delusions, which he chooses to actively ignore to prevent any psychotic episodes. All in all, schizophrenia can be troublesome if it is not adequately treated. On the bright side, if it is taken care of, schizophrenic patients are still able to live relatively normal