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A brief essay on transgenic animals
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Transgenic Animals A transgenic animal is an animal that has a gene from another species and that gene is expressed in the foreign organism. A transgenic trait can be used to benefit humans and animals. It can also increase the efficiency of the animal. As the more common transgenic animals become, the more controversy is tagged along with the debate. Some of the questions that have been raised: Are they safe? How will this affect the animal in the long run? Is this research ethically just? What does the Bible say about manipulating the genomes of various species? Since we are ‘playing’ God, questions like these need to be answered with sufficient answers. There are two common methods for correctly transferring a specific gene from one “The major uses for transgenic farm animals are as bioreactors to produce useful pharmaceutical products.” (Klug, 398) This is very useful in today’s day and age because this could potentially reduce costs in the pharmacy industry. Cattle’s suffering from mastitis is a problem that dairy farms face while raising cattle. Antibiotics do not fight off the bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus which is the cause of mastitis. However researchers have found a gene that could break down the bacteria’s cell wall. That protein is lysostaphin. When this protein is recombined into the targeted genome, the cattle have shown to be resistant to mastitis. This is a breakthrough in science where research of transgenic animals has proven to benefit the life of animals. GloFish are fluorescently labeled zebrafish. These fish are different colors and fluoresce under UV light. Critics have declared that this is an abuse of our knowledge and understanding of transgenic animals. However researches have discovered that when the fish are placed in a contaminated tank with “heavy metal” the GloFish fluoresce. (Klug, 399) These fish have proven to be a bioassay that can determine if a tank is contaminated. Their genetically modified phenotype is an easy to see test result which determines how contaminated the water Genesis (1:11-12) Therefore it seems that God would want not want us to mix different ‘kinds’ together. However God said we are to be His caretakers of the earth. (Genesis 2:15) Therefore if we see a problem that could be fixed via transgenic engineering, we should do something about it. We should not watch the animal perish or suffer when we could have done something about it. We should do something if we can to save or benefit the animal that is in trouble. God gave us an intellectual ability to make critical decisions. Therefore we should continue to learn about science because if we put research like transgenic animals on hold we could lose everything to a disease or some other catastrophe. We should plan ahead because time will not always be on our
Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was originally isolated from a bioluminescent jellyfish called Aequorea victoria. As suggested by the name, this protein fluoresces green when exposed to light in the ultraviolet range. The ultimate goal of the following experiment was to successfully create a pET41a(+)/EGFP recombinant plasmid that was transformed into live E. coli cells. The success of this transformation could be evaluated based on whether EGFP’s fluorescence properties were displayed by the colony in question. The protein’s fluorescence properties “triggered the widespread and growing use of GFP as a reporter for gene expression and protein localization in a broad variety of organisms” (Ormo, et. al., 1996). Although EGFP and GFP differ for a few amino acids that make EGFP’s fluorescence mildly stronger, the basic principle that such a protein allows for the evaluation of transformation success remains intact.
Dinoflagellates are one of the four main types of phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic, single celled and free living organisms in the ocean. Dinoflagellates cause the Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) also known as the red tide effect (Hackett et al 2004). Toxicity persisting at upper levels of the food chain is detected in them from the ones which are toxic, but not all such blooms are toxic. Enhanced detection capabilities may in part contribute to observed high frequency and severity of toxic blooms. As they are also important in the health of coral reefs their study has gained significant interest. Species are often selected for genome sequencing based on their importance as a model organism or relevance to human health, such as the HAB case.
It’s important that Zebra Mussels are dealt with great care. Zebra Mussels get their food and energy from filtering water. Nearly a quart can be filtered by and adult Zebra Mussel (“Zebra Mussels,” 2013, para. 5). So if there was an infestation of Zebra Mussels in a lake they could filter a lo...
One’s behavior, health, disorder, and characteristics, all depend on he’s genetic code. Genetic engineering, also known has genetic modification, can have various methods, but commonly consists of alternating the DNA in an organism’s genome (Winter). Several instances of alternating the DNA in an organism comprises of changing one base pair of the organism’s DNA, removing a region of the DNA, and gene cloning (Winter). Scientist use genetic engineering to enhance and modify the characteristics of an organism (Knapton). For example, aside from the experimental purposes, the cross between Bison and beef combined each of their best quality to make one enhanced outcome. Due to the cross, the Beefalo has increased efficiency and taste, meaning they can input costs and improve profits. Other examples of genetic engineering include GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Genetic engineering, although used on animals and food for decades, only recently surfaced with concrete evidence towards working on human DNA. This groundbreaking knowledge can provide new medical advances, completely altering the emblematic
In the year of 1543, laying on his death bed, Nicholas Copernicus published the On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. The notions and ideas that were presented in Copernicus’s book have not only led us to believe that the Earth orbits around the Sun, but rather have led the general populace to have an intrinsic belief in the scientific method. Today, this very belief in the scientific method is being challenged by human morality. As biochemists continue to widen the scope of biopharming, countless individuals are beginning to wonder where to draw a line on transgenic organisms. As individuals, themselves, are beginning to take a stance on transgenics, governments and health organizations are also closely monitoring this ongoing struggle between scientific advancement and human morality.
Gene therapy, a relatively new innovention, is becoming popular across the country. Gene therapy modifies a part of an organism, whereas cloning creates an entirely recreated organism. This technique can be conducted in vivo in either somatic or germ cells. The process is essentially aimed at fixing a genetic disorder or disease by inserting a functional gene to replace the faulty one (Houdebine 2003). Many methods to conduct a gene transfer have been tested. The two types are in vivo and in vitro. Transferring genes in vivo means placing the functional genes directly into the target tissue; while vitro transfers creates the genes outside of the body, in Petri dishes. Vitro is an expensive process that r...
Gene therapy works by introducing new and functioning genetic material to damaged genes to help it function and to produce beneficial proteins. If a gene is inserted directly into a cell, it usually will not function. So to complete this task, a vector, a modified virus is used to carry and deliver the new gene. There are two different categories of vectors than can be utilized in this process; recomb...
Many people often ask, “Is it acceptable for human beings to manipulate human genes” (Moral and Ethical Issues in Gene Therapy). Most of the ethical issues centralize on the Christian understanding of a human being. They believe God made them the way they are and people should accept their fate.The Society, Religion and Technology Project have researched and found that countless people are curious if gene therapy is the right thing to do. They have a problem with exploiting the genes a person is born with due to the fact they consider it to be “playing God” (Moral and Ethical Issues in Gene Therapy). They are also concerned with the safety. On account of the unfamiliar and inexperienced technology. Gene therapy has only been around since 1990, so scientists are still trying to find the best possible way to help cure these diseases. Multiple scientists are cautious with whom they share their research. For the reason that if it were to get into in the wrong hands it could conceivably start a superhuman race. Author Paul Recer presumes using germline engineering to cure fatal diseases or even to generate designer babies that will be stronger, smarter, or more immune to infections (Gene Therapy Creates Super-Muscles). Scientists could enhance height, athleticism and even intelligence. The possibilities are endless. Germline engineering, however, would alter every cell in the body. People would no longer have to worry about the alarming and intimidating combinations of their parents’ genes. Genetic engineers are able to eliminate unnatural genes, change existing ones or even add a few extra. Like it or not, in a few short years scientists will have the power to control the evolution of
The intention of researchers to modify the genes of animals is to understand a wide range of medical questions. Although their purpose in using genetic engineering is to gain more knowledge that can possibly benefit the human race, they still need to give moral consideration to the animals they utilize. The reason for this is because animals are able to experience pain and discomfort. Until researchers have full capacity in knowing the outcome of the gene alteration they do on animals, then there must be regulations enforced because in the end, animals and humans share the same interest in avoiding pain and
Genetic engineering is now being used to create new medicines and therapies for many disorders and diseases, and also to improve agricultural plants and animals to produce bigger yields or enhanced nutrient composition and food quality. In Gene therapy, copies of healthy human genes produced in bacteria can be inserted into human cells with defective or missing genes, to fix the problem. Gene therapy is promising because it can use to treat genetic
Genetic engineering has revolutionized over the years and it is being used to improve food, to discover new medicines, to remove environmental contaminants, to recycle waste, and to provide permanent cures for inherited diseases (Le Vine, 1999). The purpose of genetic engineering in the medical field has been to produce mass-produce insulin, human growth hormones, human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and many other drugs (Applications of Genetic Engineering,
“Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature.” The documentary “Animal Pharm” explores the nature of transgenic and genetically modified organisms, otherwise known as GMOs, in our present day society. The film begins by introducing a breed of cattle that has been modified to enhance characteristics needed for humans. Belgian blue cattle are a heavy-built breed, producing large amounts of meat and muscles. The sculpted and muscled appearance known as "doubled muscled" is caused by a gene that suppresses the production of Myostatin, a protein that inhibits muscle tissue growth after a certain point
The benefits of human genetic engineering outweigh the risks by providing mankind with cures to multiple deadly diseases. Human genetic engineering has the capability to transmit usually fatal diseases. Although transmission is highly unlikely, it is one of the risk factors scientists have taken into great consideration. If animal cells or organs are transplanted into humans, zoonotic diseases may be spread. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses, and Nipah Encephalitis are all potentially fatal zoonotic diseases that could be transmitted (Glenn).
What are the risks and what are the possible benefits? Currently, gene therapy is one of the only ways to change the genetic makeup of an animal or human. Also, the chance of gene therapy being successful in animals is fifty percent, while in humans it is five percent. Human Genetics Alert believes “Once we begin to consciously design ourselves, we will have entered a completely new era of human history, in which human subjects, rather than being accepted as they are, will become just another kind of object, shaped according to parental whims and market forces”. HGA provides background information on the currently available resources used in Genetic Engineering.
Genetic engineering is a way in which specific genes for an animal or plant can be extracted, and reproduced to form a new animal or plant. These new organisms will express the required trait for that gene. This practice is a very controversial topic within the scientific world. It is being implemented in various areas such as agriculture, even though there are many alternatives that can be found for genetic engineered crops, such as organic materials and reducing leeching of the soil. The controversy regarding this practice occurs as it is believed to contribute both negative and positive implications and dangers, not only to oneself but the environment as a whole.