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Quizlet Intro to Archaeology
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Janelly Rios
Writing Assignment #2 Unlike the Paleo-Indians, the Archaic Indians lived in large groups which they needed to be stationary for most of the year. This being said, the Archaic Indians had to change their lifestyle. While the Paleo-Indians were known as a hunting and gathering group, the Archaic people were the ones to introduce agriculture. Agriculture was the most important feature of the Archaic tradition. Cultivating their own food required the Archaic people to gain knowledge of their environment; they learned about the seasonal cycles. Another important feature is their subsistence farming and tools. The Archaic people adapted to what their environment provided and made use of everything. In the coastal area of Arica, the Chinchorro adapted to their environment by living mainly on products from the sea. Besides the food provided from farming, the native people hunted animals for their meat, but they didn’t the other parts of the animal to go a waste. They carved the animals’ bones into tools and used their fur for clothes or shelter. These features represent environmental religions because the Archaic people wisely used their environment’s resources; this demonstrated respect to the Earth.
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As stated in one of the websites, “women are central to the domestication and production of plant foods.” Men were not the only ones to provide food, women had this responsibility too. Women also hold political and religion roles. The Archaic period was also first evidence of part-time occupational specialization. In the south, women were specialized in creating pottery. This type of merchandise was sold in trading networks along with the surplus from the farming. Trading was another feature of the Archaic
Many people are under a false impression that early Native Americans are the original environmentalists. This is an impression that many people share. The Abenaki tribes that resided in Maine from 3700 BP were not by our traditional definition, environmentalists. In fact they were far from ecologically sound. This paper is meant not to criticize the Native Americans of the age, but to clarify their roles in the environment. To better understand this subject some background is needed.
... and men of the community would freely pick their jobs without being demanded. Both women and men received an evenly amount of hours. Most of the time the women would be taking care of household chores and the children while the men produced crops and did most of the farming. At one point a man named Lewis Ryckman, suggested a business of shoemaking which successful.
Farming also became a steady source of food for the early civilization. With established dwellings, communities were able to create crude irrigation systems to support their crops in the very dry dessert like climate. Domestication of animals also became a possibility as well with the more permanent living situation the early civilization h...
The way of the Ju/‘hoansi life has changed dramatically in many ways throughout the years. However, it is still possible to reflect upon their original way of life and compare it with their present state of living. Most of the changes occurred due to environmental, economical, developmental, social and cultural changes. All of which play a vital role in determining a Ju’s way of life. Although the land of the Dobe and !Kangwa have developed and changed in recent years, there are still some remnants of how the environment used to be. A significant shift in social and cultural aspects of the Ju/‘hoansi life can be observed in the new environment. However, some important aspects of their culture and belief system are still reflected in their everyday lives.
The woman was raised to be a great spouse, to play maternal acts, to be able to care for her spouse, to be devoted, to be proper, and to assist him with money and watch over her kids and care for the home through selling, retailing, and planting. The female was made to be industrious from her dad 's home so it would be beneficial in her spouse 's home (Oluwagbemi-Jacob 227). Women have several different roles throughout the house and on the land. The females had several more jobs than the male does. Oluwagbemi-Jacob stated “The females make the fire, do the cooking, and serve the meals etc… The females would sweep the kitchen and the rooms of the family houses…
Prior to the use of agriculture, life was extremely different for women. The information that historians have obtained is limited, but there are certain aspects of Paleolithic society that have been discovered and point towards a more liberal lifestyle for women. Generally, a woman’s job was to gather food and tend to her children while her male counterpart hunted. These simple divisions allowed both men and women to play significant roles in hunter-gatherer society, which further allowed women to be held in equal if not greater esteem then men. According to Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis and Anthony Elser, authors of World History: Connections to Today, women also held...
In the Paleolithic Era, technology played an important role. Compared to today’s technology Paleolithic technology is quite inferior, but to the people of the Paleolithic Era their technology was of paramount significance. Their tools made of stone, their sharpened sticks, their command of fire, and their development and use of speech were all technologies that made their way of life possible. These technologies helped to give them control over the things in their environment. Without these things, life as they knew it could not exist.
Most contemporary foraging groups, such as the !Kung and other Bushman tribes, are viewed as a “primitive” people. Some have even gone as far to say that they are “the last representatives of the stone age.” While it is true that these people have the most similar culture to what we believe primitive persons to have had, the analogies they can provide us with the people of the past are very inaccurate. These comparisons are so unrivaled due to factors such as time and the wrong sense of view many people have on them. Another reason that we cannot compare the !Kung of today to the people of the past is because they are now advancing in society with the use of technology. I believe that the !Kung tribe is not comparable to the early people of their culture and that they are just the same as us minus our technology, which in no way makes them ‘primitive’ people. First of all, every culture varies in traditions over time. According to Shostak, it is true that the !Kung people still have traditions that have been passed down for hundreds of generations such as their poison arrows, their trance ritual, their wide knowledge of over five hundred species of plants and animals—knowing which are edible, harmful, cosmetic, and medical. Who are we to say that these traditions have not been altered in the past ten thousand years? Howell declares that the !Kung were a very studied group including their language, culture, and economic organization.
“broadly based subsistence, experimental agriculture, seasonal nomadism giving way to sedentism, and technological proliferation” (Lynch 1983:91). By the end of the Paleo-Indian times the shift to agriculture and cultivation came to a head during Pre-ceramic 2500 BC quinoa, maize, gourd, squash, potato, beans and lucuma were now utilized for agricultural domestication—the Formative stage according the Lynch (1983:91) ca. 2000 BC had “intensive agriculture, full sedentism, class systems, corporate labor projects, and temple-based religions.”
Tylor EB. Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art and Custom. New York: H. Holt and Company; 1874. p. 1. (check the date of pub.)
Development must take cultural specificity in to account, this is because our plant is made up of various ways of being human and varying ways of wellbeing. It is inherent to think the way we do and the distinction here obviously is what is common sense to ‘us’ is not common sense to the Ashaninak people. This leads to the idea that the earth is not a commodity but a social agent, a network of sociality where indigenous groups interact with sociality, Sarmiento Barletti (2014). Lewis Henry Morgan (1877) divides the social evolution of humans in to 3 basic stages, each stage was distinguished by a technological development. An each stage had a correlate in patterns of subsistence foe example marriage, family, and political organization. Morgan...
The two human adaptive strategies I chose to focus on are pastoralism and hunting and gathering. Specifically, I will be looking at the case studies of the pastoral society Maasai and the hunter-gatherer society Nuu-Chah-Nulth; who are also called the Nootka. The differences between the two are vast though there are similarities in how their strategies connect with the natural world. Furthermore, both strategies include complex cultural systems that are maintained though resource guided social organizations and the management their environment.
One of the most key examples of understanding human culture through archaeology is the topic of climate and the environment. As seen through history, there is an intricate relationship between the environment and life on earth. Through extensive research, archaeologists have the ability to take note of minor cultural changes that can be attributed to the environment during a particular time period. These changes include, shifts in methods of food collection, changes in the artwor...
Women could freely engage in business and trade, such as going to the marketplace. There were also female scribes and administrators, just to name a few examples. Typically, only men performed these jobs. Additionally, Egyptian women could own, gain, and discard property or land. They were also able to deal with legal matters, like using their own name on contracts and serving a role in court, whether it be on the jury, as a witness, or whatever else. There is proof of these occurrences on documents containing evidence of transactions between men and women in the market. There was a case in ancient Egypt where a woman, Iry-nefret was charged with the illegal purchase of a slave girl. Her case was put in court and she had to provide three female witnesses and three male witnesses. This showed that the standing of males and females in court was equal. The rights of a woman depended upon her social class, not her gender. However, in ancient Greece, women couldn’t leave the house without a man by their side. This information reveals that women could work equally alongside men in
The Neolithic Agrarian Revolution was the world’s first historically confirmable revolution in agriculture. It was the progression of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, which was supported with a big increasing population. This agriculture involved the domestication of plants and animals, which developed around 9,500 B.C. During this age various types of plants and animals derived in different locations all over the world. It converted the small groups of hunters and gatherers into more intelligent agricultural people. Those groups then formed into sedentary societies that built towns and villages, while they also altered they natural environment around them by food-crop fertilization. Therefore, allowing them to have an abundance for their food production. Just these few developments have provided high population density settlements, complex labor diversification, trading economics, the development of portable art, architecture, culture, centralized administrations and political structures, hierarchical ideologies, and systems of knowledge.