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Brief explanation of the prevalance of hiv/aids in southern africa
Give an essay on the history of hiv and aids
The Impact Of Hiv/Aids In South Africa
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Bryan Wambold
Dr. Katirai
Geo 310
April 1, 2014
Annotated Bibliography
Abdool, K. (2010). Hiv/aids in south africa. (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
This book covers a wide range of subtopics on the issue of HIV and AIDS prevalence in South Africa. The authors provide information in a neatly organized way that allows readers to easily find the information they are looking for. The book is divided into 7 sections with multiple chapters in each section. The sections are as follows: Birth of a rapidly growing epidemic, The virus, the human host and their interactions, HIV risk factors and prevention strategies, Focal groups for understanding the HIV epidemic, the impact of AIDS, Treating HIV, and What does the future hold? Sections 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 will provide good background information on my topic for my paper.
Brunne, V. (2009). Public-private partnerships as a strategy against hiv/aids in south africa: The influence of historical legacies. African Journal of AIDS Research, 8(3), 339-348. doi: 10.2989
This article focuses on the collaboration of private and public partners to address and aid the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Brunne states that the success of these partnerships is dependent and influenced by the make-up of society. One thing that can have a major lasting impact on society is its history. In this case, the society's apartheid past plays a big role in the ability of public and private partners to come together and respond to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This will be a good source to reference in my paper as I'm explaining the steps being taken to eradicate or at least slow down the spreading of this devastating epidemic.
Johnson, L. (2006). Modelling the demographic impact of hiv/aids in so...
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...illiams, B. (2001). The epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus in south africa.Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences,356(1411), 1077-1086. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2001.0896
This article explains the overall epidemiology of HIV in South Africa. Williams goes over the spread of the disease and the differences in prevalence among different provinces. He also explains that prevalence increases with age after 15 years of age and that the disease is more prevalent among women. Williams also describes different factors that may have a significant impact on the spread HIV including circular migration, something that is often blamed for the rapidness of the spread of HIV. Finally, Williams describes different treatments and prevention strategies and their effectiveness, and the research needed and steps to be taken to reduce the continued spread of the disease.
Claire E. Sterk in her article, Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS, highlights the experiences of women engaged in a centuries-old profession in metropolitan Atlanta and New York City that is now plagued by the onslaught of a cureless disease. Whereas, in Doing Fieldwork among the Ya̧nomamö, Napoleon A. Chagnon immerses himself into the society of a Venezuelan tribe, which has a complex set of customs that he must understand first in order to document a comprehensive genealogy of the tribe. Through a critical study of both accounts, we can draw similarities in the anthropologists’ experiences, such as certain obstacles that kept them from effectively implementing research methodologies, as well as differences like the way in which they approached their subjects and involved themselves in their respective societal structures. Although both researchers had disparate goals to achieve and societies to examine, we can observe that the process they sustain has many parallels especially when they revisit their approaches to collecting information and entering the societies by building relationships with informants and subjects alike.
What would you say if I asked you to tell me what you think is causing the death of so many people in the horn of Africa? AIDS? Starvation? War? Would it surprise you if I told you that it all boils down to the women of Africa? Kofi Annan attempts to do just this in his essay “In Africa, Aids Has a Woman's Face.” Annan uses his work to tell us that women make up the “economic foundation of rural Africa” and the greatest way for Africa to thrive is through the women of Africa's freedom, power, and knowledge.
Massey, Douglas A. and Nancy A. Denton. American Apartheid. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
AIDS is slowly becoming the number one killer across the globe. Throughout numerous small countries, AIDS has destroyed lives, taken away mothers, and has left hopeless children as orphans. The problem remains that funding for the diseases’ medical research is limited to none. In the country Brazil, HIV/AIDS has been compared to the bubonic plague, one of the oldest yet, most deadly diseases to spread rapidly across Europe (Fiedler 524). Due to this issue, Brazil’s government has promised that everyone who has been diagnosed with either HIV or AIDS will receive free treatment; however, this treatment does not include help in purchasing HIV medications, that “carry astronomical price tags” (Fiedler 525). Generic drug companies have been able to produce effective HIV medications that are not as costly if compared to the prices given by the huge pharmaceutical companies. In contrast, the U.S. government has now intervened with these generic companies hindering them from making HIV medications, which may not be as efficient if made by the pharmaceutical companies. Not only are these drug companies losing thousands of dollars against generic drug companies, but also tremendous profit that is demanded for marketing these expensive drugs as well. “How many people must die without treatment until the companies are willing to lower their prices, or to surrender their patients so generic makers can enter market? (Fiedler 525).” With this question in mind, what ways can we eliminate the HIV/AIDS epidemic across the world? With research, education, testing, and funding we can prevent the spread of HIV to others and hopefully find a cure.
The government played a major part in the AIDS situation. The government’s blood banks did not wish to check blood with a test developed by the CDC because it was not “cost-efficient.” The government also neglected the CDC of large sums of money needed in the pursuit of a cure or vaccine in the disease and thought more of dollar signs that the lives of people.
Although the sub-Saharan region accounts for just 10% of the world’s population, 67% (22.5 million) of the 33.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS in 1998 were residents of one of the 34 countries of sub-Saharan Africa, and of all AIDS deaths since the epidemic started, 83% have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (Gilks, 1999, p. 180). Among children under age 15 living with HIV/AIDS, 90% live in sub-Saharan Africa as do 95% of all AIDS orphans. In several of the 34 sub-Saharan nations, 1 out of every 4 adults is HIV-positive (UNAIDS, 1998, p. 1). Taxing low-income countries with health care systems inadequate to handle the burden of non-AIDS related illnesses, AIDS has devastated many of the sub-Saharan African economies. The impact of AIDS on the region is such that it is now affecting demographics - changing mortality and fertility rates, reducing lifespan, and ultimately affecting population growth.
The author mentions a few key take away main points. First of all, solutions must address the underlying causes of HIV risk among women. This mainly includes poverty and disempowerment because women in lower living standar...
Yesterday, Angola's Ministry of Health announced that there have been 266 documented human infections of the Marburg epidemic since the current outbreak began in October of last year. 244 of these cases have been fatal, providing a horrific mortality rate which can be attributed both to the largely unknown and uncontrollable nature of this disease, and the impoverished state of the nation it is afflicting.
South Africa has a population of 48million and about 12% (5.7million) of it is suffering with HIV. HIV has been growing rapidly in the past two decades, more than any country in the world. This is increasing the death rate by 31% in South Africa.HIV can’t be cured from any person who has it but It can be prevented from passing to another person by not having a sexual interaction with an HIV positive person. The population of South Africa is still growing rapidly due to the high birth rate and immigration (the population growth rate is 1.34% and is expected to rise in the future). Another big problem in South Africa is unemployment, South Africa has one of the worst youth-unemployment problems in the world, it’s expected that about half of the population will be unemployed in the future. what they can do to help fix this problem is to teach the youth properly so they can grow up and find a jobs, they also should increase the amount of available jobs in any way possible, example: removing machines from doing work to allow more human workers. The HIV has also affected the expectancy rate in South Africa, making it into one of the lowest in the world (50) in 2010, but now the expectancy rate has risen up to 58 which Is still low. To increase the expectancy rate they should build more hospitals and improve t...
Walensky, R. . P. et al. (2008). Scaling Up Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa:. JID, 197(9), pp. 1324-1332.
By the year 2000, 58 million people have been infected by HIV/AIDS and alarming numbers such as 22 million would have already died. And the epidemic continues to spread. HIV/AIDS historically is considered to be one of the longest running worldwide epidemics that we have ever seen, and figures cannot be placed on the true death tolls or estimation of the damage as the cycle still is yet to reach an end (Whiteside 2002). With Africa being the worst hit continent in the world in terms of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the severity of it’s prevalence; one can only begin to question whether HIV/AIDS and poverty and directly connected or the inter-linkages exacerbate one or the other. This paper aims to argue that HIV/AIDS is a manifestation of poverty, and simultaneously poverty contributes to growing HIV/AIDS epidemic. Development in response both to poverty reduction and to HIV/AIDS is complicated when both have multi-dimensional and multi-faceted impacts on a society, whether it be social, economic or human development impacts. This paper will argue that pre-existing socio economic conditions within a country such as high levels of poverty, poor sanitation, malnutrition, environmental degradation and poor public healthcare systems and limited access to preventative care are crucial factors in contributing to the transfer of the infection (Pasteur: 2000, Mann: 1999).
McInnes, Colin. 2011. "HIV, AIDS and conflict in Africa: why isn't it (even) worse?" Review of International Studies 37 (2): 485-509.
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, commonly known as HIV/AIDS is a disease, with which the human immune system, unlike in other disease, cannot cope. AIDS, which is caused by the HIV virus, causes severe disorder of the immune system and slowly progresses through stages which disable the body’s capability to protect and instead makes it vulnerable for other infections. The first blood sample to contain HIV was drawn in 1959 in Zaire, Africa while molecular genetics have suggested that the epidemic first began in the 1930s (Smallman & Brown, 2011). Currently, according to the Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS, 35.3 million people worldwide are living with HIV. In 2012, an estimated 2.3 million people became newly infected with the virus and 1.6 million people lost their lives to AIDS (Fact Sheet, UNAIDS). It is due to the globalized international society that a disease which existed in one part of the world has managed to infect so many around the world. Globalization is narrowly defined by Joseph Stiglitz as "the removal of barriers to free trade and the closer integration of national economies" (Stiglitz, 2003). Globalization has its effects in different aspects such as economy, politics, culture, across different parts of the world. Like other aspects, globalization affects the health sector as well. In a society, one finds different things that connect us globally. As Barnett and Whiteside point out (2000), “health and wellbeing are international concerns and global goods, and inherent in the epidemic are lessons to be learned regarding collective responsibility for universal human health” (Barnett & Whiteside, 2000). Therefore, through all these global connections in the international society, t...
Janet Wash. “Women’s Property Rights Violations and HIV/AIDS in Africa.” Peace Review April-September: Page 190, 192, 193
...ile the pandemic will absolutely leverage the rate of financial development, structural alterations are furthermore expected to be one of the prime economic hallmarks of the AIDS pandemic (Arndt 427-449). The effect of the HIV/AIDS epidemic can be visualized by the overwhelming change in mortality rate of South Africans. The yearly number of mortalities from HIV increased distinctly between the years 1997, when about 316,559 people died, and 2006 when an estimated 607,184 people died ("HIV AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA"). Those who are currently assuming the burden of the increase in mortality rate are adolescents and young adults. Virtually one-in-three females of ages 25-29, and over 25% of males aged 30-34, are currently living with HIV in South Africa (UNAIDS). The good news, thanks to better supply of ARV treatment, is that life-expectancy has risen vastly since 2005.