Ann Hopkins 'Contending Forces'

1279 Words3 Pages

On the one hand, Contending Forces uses the language of class to make claims about the personhood and rights of women and African Americans. On the other hand, the novel represents the subordination of some individuals on the basis of social status as part and parcel of the violent, capitalistic ideology of the American Dream. Thus, Hopkins’ representation of class identity and class concerns takes on the same duality that many American authors writing about race and gender articulate: class is at once an essential tool in uniting communities against oppressive structures and a divisive weapon wielded by those in power. Contending Forces is a class-conscious novel that takes racial uplift to new heights through the diverse representation of …show more content…

The parlor event following the women’s sewing circle (which is treated more fully later in this chapter) fortifies the link between personal feeling and political action through cross-class engagement. Following the conclusion of the sewing circle, Sam Washington “a young fellow who was the life of all social functions,” proposes dancing to create a jovial atmosphere and “warm up” the girls to sell ice cream in benefit of the church (158, 159). Ma Smith protests, “’[d]ance! not in this house,” fearing “disgrace” among the church community. The young people then educate her on “the style” of the time—which allows ministers and church members to go to “the theatre and the circus” and calls the idea that dancing is sinful “old fogyism” (158, 159). In addition to addressing a generational divide about acceptable conduct in a religious sense, this brief exchange links moral behavior with connection to one’s community, as Ma Smith primary fear is disgrace and the judgment of the church’s board. Though Mrs. Smith is horrified at the thought of dancing at first, the young people convince her that transitioning the business of the sewing circle to a social dance is the best way to …show more content…

In addition, then, to fostering a middle class sociality that falls in line with the mainstream racial uplift of the New Negro Woman, the parlor event at Ma Smith’s provides an opening for boarders and community members to share their perspectives across gender, age, class, and geographic divides. This kind of diversity, in a setting that claims all the trappings of the bourgeois New Negro Woman, allows for a broader definition of the cultural practices and perspectives accommodated by black uplift sensibilities. Put simply, in Ma Smith’s world of racial uplift and middle class activism, Mrs. Ophelia and Mrs. Davis are just as welcome as Tommy the divinity student. In this scene, then, and throughout the novel, Ma Smith’s boardinghouse is the physical representation of the permeable boundaries between the realm of individual identity formation and communal solidarity, a public and private sphere that are joined through intimate feeling for fellow African Americans and the entire racial

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