DRAFTING
Proprioception provides an awareness of the body and body positioning without 'continuous reference to consciousness' (Lephart et.al, 1997, p. 131). There are two types of proprioception, being conscious and unconscious. Conscious proprioception concerns joint position sense and kinetic sense (Khasnis & Gokula, 2003). Joint position sense processes joint movement and joint position sensations (Sharp et.al, 1994). These joint sensations provide the awareness of the position of the body and body parts in space (Khasnis & Gokula, 2003). Kinetic sense is the awareness of the motion of various body parts (Khasnis & Gokula, 2003). Joint position sense and kinetic sense are essential for proper joint function in daily activities. Mechanoreceptors are peripheral afferents and transmit signals that the joint position and kinetic senses identify (Lephart & Fu, 1995). Mechanoreceptors are located in spindle endings and tendonn organs in muscles, or Ruffini spray endings in deeper tissue (Stillman, 2002). Mechanoreceptors can act at different speeds, and conscious proprioception can pl...
Sensation, as we know it, is thought to be a result of direct contact between the body and an internal or external stimulus. However, in the case of phantom limb phenomenon, sensation is explained rather differently. The phantom limb phenomenon, in short, occurs when a person with a missing limb still has sensations of limb being there; it is having the perception of missing limbs and feeling sensations from i...
A standing broad jump is a jump for distance from a standing position. It can be divided into four temporal phases: countermovement, propulsion, flight, and landing. In the countermovement phase, the subject squats to load up and extends the shoulders and the arms. In the propulsion phase, the goal is to generate enough force to propel the body forward. The person must stand erect in full extension of the trunk, hips, and knees. Then, the person flexes at the hip and the knee, which results with the trunk being rotated in a forward direction. Next, the arms become slightly flexed to hyperextension, to full flexion. Prior to the flight phase, the body goes into full extension. The flight phase begins as soon as the feet have left the ground. During this phase, the body stays in full extension or can become hyperextended. Towards the end of the flight phase, the trunk rotates forward in an anterior direction along with minor hip and knee flexion just before landing. During the landing phase, the knees and the hips are in maximum flexion and forward rotation of the trunk. There is also arm movement by moving both arms in the vertical direction to improve jumping distance. At the onset of the jump, the arm swings forward and during landing, they swing back and forth.
would be my kinaesthetic sense. This is what I can feel so if I can
Humans have five senses. Sight, taste, smell, touch, and hearing are what paint reality, but the lack of one these senses, particularly sight, can enrich the remaining four. The remaining senses become a crutch, or prosthetic leg that constitute the gateway to one’s environment. Yet for these senses to construct one’s environment non visually, the four senses left must work
In order to better understand vertigo, it is first necessary to look into where equilibrium and movement are maintained within the body. Equilibrium in our bodies is coordinated primarily by the brain, specifically at the brainstem, located in the neck area. The environment provides the information necessary for the equilibrium center to determine which position to place the body in. There are three main places in which information is received: the eyes provide visual information, the ears provide vestibular and auditory information, and the articulations provide proprioceptive information. In general, the eyes help position the body according to different horizontal angles in relation to the ground. The ears allow the body to acknowledge any type of movement, such as acceleration or deceleration, by registering various sounds (1). Movement is also processed in parts of the brain, as well as in the ears. The frontal lobes of the brain initiate and coordinate the planning of movements. The basal ganglia, in the ears, add control and fluidity to movements, and the cerebellum processes information from and to the rest of the body.
...7 millimeters was guessed incorrectly, thus indicating the lack of sharpness subject 1 possessed in this area of the body. Next we proceeded with subject 2, under very similar conditions. Subject 2 was tested with more pressure points than subject 1 to proceed to more detailed results. Beginning with the finger, subject 2 guessed 7 out of 8 pressure points correctly. This result shows a very good acuity to his tactile system around the fingers, as stated by (Bruce et al. 1980). Next we proceeded with his forearm, in methods similar to subject 1 but with more pokes. In this test subject 2 only guessed 2 out of 7 of the points correctly, indicating a sharp decrease in acuity in these areas. Lastly we applied the moving two point discrimination test on a third subject. We started at the palm and he felt the two points only by the time we moved 3 mm towards the finger.
Weber, in his study of the senses, experimented with muscular sensations and cutaneous senses by way of the two-point threshold and the just noticeable difference. His research revealed that there could not be a direct connection between our perception of a physical stimulus and the stimulus itself.
The nervous system is the most complex part of the body, as they govern our thoughts, feelings, and bodily functions. It is an important factor in science because it can lead to new discoveries for cures or diseases. The studies of the nervous system helped lower death rates from heart disease, stroke, accidents, etc. The nervous system is a network of neurons (nerve cells that sends information to the brain to be analyzed.
The nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system and the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. The functional unit of the nervous system is a neuron. It is estimated 100 billion neurons reside in the brain with some neurons making anywhere between 10,000 to 100,000 connections with other cells! A distinctive class of neurons, mirror neurons discharge both when the individual executes a motor action and when he/she observes another individual performing that same or similar action. These mirror neurons were discovered by neurophysiologists in the 1990s at the University of Parma, Italy. Using macaque monkeys, these researchers found that neurons of the rostral part of the inferior premotor cortex were activated both when the monkey made goal-directed hand movements (grasping, holding, & tearing) and when the monkey observed specific hand movements done by the experimenters (Pellegrino, et al., 1992). In a monkey’s inferior frontal and inferior parietal cortex, it is estimated that about 10% of neurons have “mirror” properties.
Athletes must accomplish amazing feats of balance and coordination of the body. As scientist, Mikhail Tsaytin discovered in the 1970s, acrobats can successfully make a two person human tower in the dark, but after adding a third acrobat, not even the most talented can maintain the balance required to keep the tower intact while in the dark (1). What does darkness have to do with it? The point is that balance relies on at least three signals coming from the body, and one of those is sight. Once you eliminate one of these signals, the body cannot accomplish the required task. In addition to sight, signals coming from muscles and joints, called proprioceptors are sensitive to changes in position. The third contributor to the human tower and the topic of discussion of this paper is the vestibular system. A three-person human tower in the dark must not have enough information coming from the vestibular and proprioceptive systems to function without vision, whereas the two-person tower did have enough information.
In this paper I will clarify the relation between the integumentary system and the skeletal system. During this paper I will address how the two systems work together to maintain homeostasis and what occurs when balance is not maintained between the integumentary and skeletal system. During this paper I will explain how osteoporosis is directly linked between both the integumentary and skeletal system and ways to prevent or yield this disease.
One of the more recent studies done on extra sensory perception was conducted by Daryl B...
The muscular system is a very important part of the human body. It has many components and functions, and is the source of the body’s movement. There are roughly 650 muscles in the human body and are different types of muscles. Muscles can either be voluntary or involuntary which means controlled or uncontrolled movement. Muscles have many reasons and in this paper you will widen your knowledge of muscles and their functions as well their diseases and how they help maintain the body.
The human body is very complex. It is like a job. You have to do a million things in one day to make it through the day. The body uses nine systems to do all of those jobs. They all have separate functions, but some work together. Each system is also made up of organs. There are many ways to care and protect the systems from the many different problems they can have. There are also many interesting facts about each system.
...on on the position of the head in space for static equilibrium making it essential for maintaining appropriate posture and balance, where as dynamic they detect linear acceleration and deceleration. There are two kinds of cells in the two maculae, hair cells and supporting cells. The hair cells are the sensory receptors. Laying over the hair cells are columnar supporting cells that probably secrete the thick, gelatinous, glycoprotein layer called the otolithic membrane and over the membrane is a layer of dense calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths. When the head is tilted, the otoliths shift, and the hairs beneath respond to the change in pressure and bending the hair bundles.