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Women's role in civil rights movement
Women's liberation movement and the civil rights
Radical feminism on hip hop culture
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I first heard the rap artist and producer Sammus at a small music festival that the Don Giovanni record label organized in September of 2016. The song that immediately caught my attention and interest was “Mighty Morphing.” She rapped about stereotypes and the ability of one to be multi-dimensional and not limited to one identity. I enjoyed her music because her rapping differed from mainstream rap and any other rap I have listened to thus far, also she is a woman. Black feminist thought, hip hop feminism, and intersectionality theory possess differing and similar frameworks and together can be used in the analysis of Sammus’ music. I will discuss Black feminist thought with the work of Patricia Hill Collins; hip hop feminism with the …show more content…
In the civil rights movement, it was difficult for Black women to attain leadership roles. In history classes across the country, the civil rights movement is synonymous with Martin Luther King Jr. and other male leaders and activists, but the role of Black women is overlooked and unconsidered when they made substantial contributions as activists. They organized people through churches. Additionally, the issues and concerns of Black women where not acknowledged and marginalized in both the black liberation movement and the women’s movement. They faced constant sexism in the liberation movement, for Black men would show disregard for their “humanity, autonomy and bodies” (Charleswell, 2014). During a meeting with the Black congress, a former black panther Elaine Brown faced misogyny as a Black woman and …show more content…
The work must be produced by part of the lived experience of Black women, for it is their lived experience which has been overlooked and unacknowledged. Black women develop a certain standpoint, an Afrocentric woman consciousness, dependent on their lived experience when paired with self-reflection. A standpoint is the collective consciousness of marginalized groups through lived experience. It acts to legitimize the experiences of Black women, valuing those marginalized, and decenters the normative by means of focusing on those marginalized. The goal is to end oppression. There are also core themes which Black women relate to. The legacy of struggle refers to Black women’s struggle against both the institutions of racism and sexism, of white supremacy and male superiority. For EXAMPLE. However, Black women do not have all the same experiences. Their lived experiences can differ depending on their sexuality, class, ability, etc. For example, a Black lesbian woman’s experience will be qualitatively different from a heterosexual Black woman. Also, the environment and communities which Black women live in can shape their experiences. For example, a homosexual woman living in a community which is welcoming and accepting will have a different perspective from one living in a community where she is not accepted and instead
Glenda Gilmore’s book Gender & Jim Crow shows a different point of view from a majority of history of the south and proves many convictions that are not often stated. Her stance from the African American point of view shows how harsh relations were at this time, as well as how hard they tried for equity in society. Gilmore’s portrayal of the Progressive Era is very straightforward and precise, by placing educated African American women at the center of Southern political history, instead of merely in the background.
As both Tracey Reynolds and Audre Lorde have emphasized, Black women are not perpetually passive victims, but active agents. It is totally possible for Black women to seize a form of empowerment, whether that be alternative education, or the creation of organizations that weren’t situated in either the Civil Rights movement or Women’s
Malcolm X stated that the most disrespected, unprotected and neglected person in America is the black woman. Black women have long suffered from racism in American history and also from sexism in the broader aspect of American society and even within the black community; black women are victims of intersection between anti-blackness and misogyny sometimes denoted to as "misogynoir". Often when the civil rights movement is being retold, the black woman is forgotten or reduced to a lesser role within the movement and represented as absent in the struggle, McGuire 's At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance--A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power does not make this same mistake.
Collins, Patricia. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York, NY: Routledge, 2000
In our society of today, there are many images that are portrayed through media and through personal experience that speak to the issues of black motherhood, marriage and the black family. Wherever one turns, there is the image of the black woman in the projects and very rarely the image of successful black women. Even when these positive images are portrayed, it is almost in a manner that speaks to the supposed inferiority of black women. Women, black women in particular, are placed into a society that marginalizes and controls many of the aspects of a black woman’s life. As a result, many black women do not see a source of opportunity, a way to escape the drudgery of their everyday existence. For example, if we were to ask black mother’s if they would change their situation if it became possible for them to do so, many would change, but others would say that it is not possible; This answer would be the result of living in a society that has conditioned black women to accept their lots in lives instead of fighting against the system of white and male dominated supremacy. In Ann Petry’s The Street, we are given a view of a black mother who is struggling to escape what the street symbolizes. In the end though, she becomes captive to the very thing she wishes to escape. Petry presents black motherhood, marriage and the black family as things that are marginalized according to the society in which they take place.
The Author of this book (On our own terms: race, class, and gender in the lives of African American Women) Leith Mullings seeks to explore the modern and historical lives of African American women on the issues of race, class and gender. Mullings does this in a very analytical way using a collection of essays written and collected over a twenty five year period. The author’s systematic format best explains her point of view. The book explores issues such as family, work and health comparing and contrasting between white and black women as well as between men and women of both races.
Thesis: McGuire argues that the Civil Rights movement was not led just by the strong male leaders presented to society such as Martin Luther King Jr., but is "also rooted in African-American women 's long struggle against sexual violence (xx)." McGuire argues for the "retelling and reinterpreting (xx)" of the Civil Rights movement because of the resistance of the women presented in her text.
They recognized the importance for both of the movements, and like the characters of Sassafrass, Cypress, and Indigo, simultaneously supported the groups while critiquing them, asking for the movements to become better. “African American churchwomen fed, housed, clothed, and prayed for… [but] they also helped organize and lead [their own] movement” (Freedman 84). Shange reminds us that, as supporters who are not given much of a chance to be leaders, Black women deserve just as much praise and recognition as the figureheads of the movements. The voices of those who have passed will not be forgotten, and the voices of those who are fighting now will be
In The Venus Hip Hop and the Pink Ghetto, Imani Perry argues that the over-sexualized, unattainable bodies of black women in popular culture will lead to the breakdown of feminism and the positive body image of the everyday black women. As hip hop music continues to become more popular, the sexist messages presented in lyrics and music videos are becoming more common to the everyday public, including young black girls developing a self-image. Instead of these girls being exposed to healthy, positive role models who encourage individuality and that there is more to a woman than her body they are given hip hop video models whose only purpose is to look sensual on screen. The strong women that do exist in the hip hop genre are pushed to sexualize themselves or their lyrics to sell records or stay relatively unknown. Although Perry’s arguments are logical, I believe that she is creating a slippery slope of logic. A genre of music cannot destroy the self-image of black women that has existed for generations.
Baker, Ella. A. Developing Leadership among Other People in Civil Rights. The American Women's Movement, 1945-2000. A Brief History with Documents. Comp.
Women had been “denied basic rights, trapped in the home [their] entire life and discriminated against in the workplace”(http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/). Women wanted a political say and wanted people to look at them the way people would look at men. in 1968, many women even protested the Miss America Beauty Pageant because it made it look that women were only worth their physical beauty. A stereotyped image was not the only thing they fought, “Women also fought for the right to abortion or reproductive rights, as most people called it” (http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/). These were the reason why the Women started the Women’s Liberation. African Americans, however, had different causes. After almost a century after the Emancipation Proclamation, black men are still being treated unfairly. They were being oppresed by the so-called “Jim Crow” laws which “barred them from classrooms and bathrooms, from theaters and train cars, from juries and legislatures” (http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/). They wanted equal rights, equal facilities and equal treatment as the whites. This unfairness sparked the African American Civil Right’s Movement. This unfairness was seen in the Women’s Liberation as well. Both were treated unfairly by the “superior”. Both wanted equal rights, from the men or whites oppressing them. They both wanted equal treatment and equal rights. During the actual movement
Hill Collins’ theory is built around the idea of intersectionality. She defines this concept as “systems of race, social class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, and age [that] form mutually constructing features of social organization” (Hill Collins, 2000, p. 299). Society attempts to categorize its members into groups and project “controlling images” that offer a stereotypical view of a person onto its members (Hill Collins, 2000, p. 69). These images are limiting and are unable to capture the multiplicity of individuals. Rather than seeking to pinpoint a single characteristic to describe and understand a social actor, Hill Collins calls for an analysis that considers how these various systems of classification come together and intersect – intersectionality. When intersectionality between these systems is not present or acknowledged, people tend to be classified by only a very restricted number of categories. These in turn impose controlling images on an individual and are used to define him or her. Hill Collins offers the example of African-American women whose controlling images include “mammies, matri...
In short, “when it was profitable to exploit slave women as if they were men, they were regarded, in effect, as genderless, but when they could be exploited, punished and repressed in ways suited only for women, they were locked into their exclusively female roles” This not only effect African American women but as well as white women. It was at this time in the nineteenth century that differentiated gender roles emerged. “Many middle-class nineteenth century white Americans became convinced that men and women were so different that their duties, obligations, and responsibilities actually constituted “separate spheres” Women were limited to many things because they had to keep up with their womanly duties such as: caring for their children and husband and keep the appearance of their homes up to par. This continued well into the twentieth century. This horrible atmosphere and reputation of women sparked Ruby Doris Smith Robinson to speak on behalf of women and their womanhood. She gained power from SNCC. Her co-worker ...
Hartford Publishing 2015, Black Feminist Thought in the Matrix of Domination, viewed 3 September 2015, http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/252.html
Standley, Anne. "The Role of Black Women in the Civil Rights Movement." Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers, 1941-1965. By Vicki L. Crawford, Jacqueline Anne. Rouse, and Barbara Woods. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Pub., 1990. 183-202. Print.