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Racial segregation in united states
Racial segregation in america
Racial segregation in america
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The world we are living in is becoming an increasingly urbanized one- with 54% of the current population living in urban areas (Un.org, 2014). The ever expanding physical size of a city brings distinct differences in each one. With this rise in diversity the term ‘a city in difference’ was coined, meaning a city in which “social differences are gathered together at unique scales and levels of intensity” (Fincher and Jacobs, 1998: 1). Scotland’s capital, the city of Edinburgh is one Europe’s most prominent financial centres. With Edinburgh being the hub of Scottish politics and culture- it is difficult to understate the variation in its environment and people. With a diverse population of 487,000 (National Records of Scotland, 2013), Edinburgh is an excellent example of a city of difference. This essay will use photographs as a research method to illustrate Edinburgh as city of difference. In order to this, the advantages of said research method must be discussed and analysed. In addition, this essay will discuss aspects of inequality, segregation, how distinct areas of Edinburgh have become radicalised by religion and race and how sexuality and gender illustrate the differences within the city. Using photography is a popular method in social science research. This essay uses photographs to demonstrate the urban differences between residential areas in Edinburgh as well as illustrating the segregation of religion in society. Photography is an active research method where in images are used to visually represent areas being discussed in the text (Rose, 2007). There are considerable benefits to using photographs as a research method, in particular the value the hold over text. Photographs convey a …show more content…
This is explained by the variations in social class within Edinburgh in particular and exemplifying other cities to illustrate the concept of
Suttles, Gerald D. Review of The Classic Slum: Salford Life in the First Quarter of the Century, by Robert Roberts. Contemporary Sociology. Vol. 4, No.1. (Jan., 1975). Pp. 33-34.
Phillips, E. Barbara. City Lights: Urban-Suburban Life in the Global Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Peckham has been dubbed as London’s buzzing up and coming new hotspot, with “galleries, rooftop bars and foodie night markets that make East London look positively parochial” according to an article by Chris Martin in 2013, a stark contrast to Olsen (1997) labelling it “an inner city area which is among the poorest and most deprived in the country... Blighted by ills such as drugs, crime, unemployment, low educational achievement, a deteriorating infrastructure; life lived at the margins.” In this literature review I am going to review the main issues surrounding how the area has changed, discuss the new demographics coming into the area, issues such as gentrification in the area and also the increasing cultural segregation that is becoming evident in the area, both spatially and temporally.
In item A it argues that the ‘cultural factors’ are the most important cause of social class differences. ‘Cultural factors’ can include cultural deprivation, cultural capital and material deprivation; they also link to the external and internal factors that are shown to have an influence in difference in class in the UK. The Internal factors are factors within the school and the education system and external factors such as factors outside the education system influences from home and family background.
Social historians in recent years have started to look at the people who made up most of the population in cities, people who are usually ignored when looking at society,
The street I will be focusing my essay on is West Main Street in Armadale, West Lothian. This street is a lot like City Road in Cardiff in terms of the businesses of which it is made up. Family run businesses dominate West Main Street, like Coia sweet shop, Peking House Chinese take away, Talking Heads hairdressers and Allure beauty salon, as well as bigger, more established businesses like the Co-operative, Lloyds Pharmacy and Ladbrokes. Other similarities to City Road are the variety of people from which the community is made up. During the day the street seems to be overrun by the elderly and mums with young children who may be there to run errands, while at night the only businesses open are the take aways and public houses and so the majority of people using West Main Street change.
One Victorian sentiment was that a civilized individual could be determined by her/his appearance. This notion was readily adopted by the upper classes and, among other things, helped shape their views of the lower classes, who certainly appeared inferior to them. In regards to social mobility, members of the upper classes may have (through personal tragedy or loss) often moved to a lower-class status, but rarely did one see an individual move up from the abysmal lower class. Although poverty could be found almost anywhere in Victorian London (one could walk along a street of an affluent neighborhood, turn the corner, and find oneself in an area of depravity and decay), most upper-class Londoners, who tended to dwell in the West End, associated the East End with the lower class.
This essay has detailed several examples of how social order is made and remade on City Road and the everyday challenges that social order faces. Firstly, it begins with identifying how social order is challenged and how people perceive social order and moves on to look at both formal and informal ways of making and remaking social order. The essay concludes by identifying the expectations of how people should behave and the consequences when disorder occurs, continuing the making and remaking of
Close your eyes and sit back in your recliner. Let the cool breeze refresh you as you relax in your hardwood floored den and sip your English tea. Now picture London. What kind of an image comes to mind? Perhaps the sophisticated languages of its inhabitants or just the aura of properness that encompasses typical visions of the great city of London. I am not writing to deny the eloquence of London, I am instead writing to challenge the notion of sophistication that many of us hold true to London. Could a city of such brilliance and royalty ever fester with the day to day problems that we witness daily in our own country? I argue, yes.
“Throughout recorded time, and probably since the end of the Neolithic era, there have been three kinds of people in the world, the High, the Middle, and the Low.” (Orwell, 201) From the ancient and primitive tribes of our ancestors to the blue-collar and white-collar jobs within cities, the human race has always divided itself into clear groups of social classes. Sometimes, the distinction is placed to forcibly separate the elite from the workers, while others are formed through a separation of class interests. Over time, writers have distinguished a pattern common within most societies. Most societies, from the utmost primal to the most advanced, have congregated themselves into three classes of people. These societal classes are exemplified
In modern society these 3 traditional social classifications, working, middle and upper class are outdated, fitting less than 40 percent of the United Kingdom's population. In April 2013 the British Broadcast Corporation introduced a new model for social classification, within the United Kingdom. Social class and socioeconomic groups traditionally have been defined by income, occupation and ed...
Throughout the letter, I will draw on relevant literature on the topic. Firstly, I will introduce some key theoretical perspectives on social class
In an online article for the BBC, Mark Easton examines the differences between city and village life, with the aid of statistics provided by an annual government report published in the Statistical Digest of Rural England. He reports that the data tells us the people of rural England are in better health and less likely to be homeless, that they are safer and have a lower chance of being a crime victim and most importantly, that they are better educated than their city cousins (Easton, 2011). This is quite a difference from Simmel’s view that the metropolis is the source of intellect and wealth. (Simmel, 1903). Easton makes another very valid point in his article that highlights a similarity between village and city life in that the inhabitants of both environments don’t properly understand what life is like for their counterparts, that urbanites often don’t realise the difficulty rural communities face (Easton, 2011), and so perhaps that is why Simmel felt that those in the metropolis have an elite
Herbert Gans’ Urban Villagers clearly outlines his interactions and observations within a small and typically inaccessible community by inserting himself into its physical space and engaging with the individuals that make up that community. His original inquiry, as stated in the preface of the book, was to “study a slum, and to study the way of life of a low-income population” (Gans 1962). He hoped to understand why the West End was being demolished, and how the people of the West End were to blame for the destruction of their homes. However, instead of answering his original question, Gans found that he uncovered a larger systemic issue of the way labeling of certain areas of a city could impact the longevity of that physical space and its community.
Susan S. Fainstein, Scott Campbell. 2003. Readings in Urban Theory. Second Edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.