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Ancient Egyptian mythology
Religion and society in ancient Egypt
Religion and society in ancient Egypt
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Recommended: Ancient Egyptian mythology
The Egyptian religion is a complex subject, full of names, stories, family tree’s, and many gods to fill each of these clusters. Understanding of the deities of the ancient is one of the biggest mysteries Egypt has to offer. While many scholars differ on their idea of the gods relation to one another, their names, and how their stories are arranged- the following gods are the general backbone of the religion. These are the gods who were thought to rule during the ‘First Time’, or the Golden Age of ancient Egypt.
Ra is a god who goes by many names. A family tree pieced together by the book Egyptian Mythology by Veronica Ions, reveals that Ra had approximately seven different names: Amun-Re, Amun, Re, Ra, Ra-Atum, Atum, and Phra. Each name clearly indicates that this man, in one deity, was to be the ruler of all gods. Each translated the same: “Ra (or Re or Phra), which probably signifies ‘Creator’, is the name of the sun, sovereign lord (king) of the sky.” describes Paul Hamlyn in his book Egyptian Mythology.
King he was, and a powerful one at that. Ra was depicted to be so majestic, he drew himself into being.
“...Ra was said to have emerged from Nun by the effort of his own will. It was thought that he rose from the primeval waters enclosed within the petals of a lotus blossom, which enfolded him once more when he returned to it each night; or that he rose in the shape of a phoenix, the bennu bird, and alighted on the pyramidal top of an obelisk, the Benben stone, which symbolized a ray of the sun.” (Egyptian Mythology-Veronica Ions)
Ra had the characteristic of being father to all humankind as well as king of the deities. Legend even tells of Ra’s tears, which were the key to the creation of these Earthly beings. Ra’s Eye,...
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...ive Osiris. However, he decided to return to the Underworld and rule as lord.
Osiris’ story is said to be one of the greatest of all Egyptian religion. It gave the people hope in an afterlife waiting for them and their loved one’s after death. Each story the ancient Egyptian people held dear used the gods they utilized to teach the lessons as to live their lives in hope that they would be worthy to be the subject of Osiris and Ra.
Though what has been relented throughout these myths and legends seems to be much, the story continues on with more gods, stories, and details than imaginable. We continue to learn more about these ancient mysteries day by day, but they become no less fascinating. There are secrets still lost in Egypt about Ra and his host of deities that will one day be unlocked. Until then, we must learn from the past, and look to the future ahead.
The Old Kingdom of Egypt (from 2700 to 2200 B.C.), saw the commencement of many of the rigid, formal beliefs of the Egyptian civilization, both in regards to their religious and political beliefs, as they were very closely intertwined. "... There was a determined attempt to impose order on the multitude of gods and religious beliefs that had existed since predynastic times... and the sun-god Re became the supreme royal god, with the ki...
Many ancient societies were fixated on different beliefs and deities throughout the early stages of civilization, and some of the earliest signs of these periods of mythology begins with the early Sumerians and evolve into many different African cultures. As the recognized birth place of both human existence, as well as the rise of civilization. One of the more significant and more influential figures in the discussion of ancient mythology is Osiris and the history and depiction of him in Ancient Egypt. This story outlines many influential things in Egyptian society, such as the conflict between order and chaos, death and the afterlife, conceptions of kingship and succession, as well as many of the early influences of Egyptian religion in the early stages. Much of the evidence of Osiris lies in the Pyramid texts, seeing as the timeframe for the myth was around 24th century BC. Many of these same texts arise in the Middle and New Kingdom of Egypt and are influential in Egyptian folklore, as well as the storied history of the civilization. Many of the figures included in the legend, which include Isis and Horus were prevalent in many clans throughout Egypt. Much of the history surrounding Osiris has been lost, but many ancient historians and famous writers in the ancient world attempted to piece together his story.
Amenhotep IV was born in c. 1365 BCE during the 18th dynasty in Egypt to Pharaoh Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye (Aldred 11). He was given his name in honor of the Gods Amun and Re whom Amenhotep III sought to be the earthly representative of (Bratton 17). Amun-Re was the creator God, and Re was the God of the sun (Assmann 485-6). Combined, these two deities were the most powerful God and are therefore normally referred to by their conjoined name of Amun-Re (Redford 97). Although Re was the sole Sun God, there were others under him who were individually responsible for a specific detail of the sun-God. Aten was an aspect of R...
Akhenaten went completely against the former views of New Kingdom Egypt – that Amun-Re is the god of gods. Instead he put in place the Aten which is the ‘sun disc’ above Ra’s head and forced this religion upon his people. A fact which is acknowledged by an American university professor of history, Damen (2013) who states that by the third year of Akhenaten’s reign a major shift in Egyptian religion began. Firstly, Akhenaten changed his name from Amunhotep IV to honour his own god Aten by ridding his name of the god Amun-Re. Akhenaten also removed the word ‘gods’ from inscriptions replacing it with ‘god’ and destroyed some of Amun’s temples and monuments, thus declaring war against the dominant religious authority of his day {Damen (2013)}). An educated opinion by oft-cited English historian and Egyptologist, Weigall (1910) insinuates that Akhenaten ‘objected heroics and loved naturalness’ tel...
As we understand the Aten to be of extreme importance to Akhenaten, his family held a similar importance as he felt it necessary to depict them posing with the Aten, bringing glory and life to the royal family. It is also possible that in the stela of his parents, [Akhenaten] was trying to utilise his father’s renowned power and greatness by associating him with his radical new religion, making it familiar to the Egyptian people who already revered Amenhotep III as a ruler. As Johnson notes, Akhenaten’s predecessor and father Amenhotep III’s involvement in Akhenaten’s reign is highly debated, and especially notes that Amenhotep III’s devotion to Amun-Re was widely known and thus may have been unlikely to support his son’s interest in the Aten. Images like the limestone stela of Amenhotep III worshipping underneath the Aten were created when the reign had already been handed to Akhenaten. In fact, Johnson points out that by the end of Amenhotep III’s thirty-nine-year reign, he was considered the living embodiment of Re on earth, who was deeply related to the image of the sun-disk, and that this is what must have theologically influenced Akhenaten’s interest in the Aten.
Egyptian religion is polytheistic. The gods are present in the form of elements of life – natural forces and human condition. Greek religion is also polytheistic. Like Egypt, the Greek gods exist to represent different aspects of life, but they also play an active social role in the people’s lives. In Greek mythology, the gods have feelings and flaws as the normal people do. Greek Gods have even had children and committed adultery with people. The Egyptian gods interact more with each other than with the people. They interact with the people more on a supernatural level. Osiris, the Egyptian god of agriculture and afterlife, judges people when they die. Amon, the king of gods, is hidden inside the ruler (This “king of gods” title was not always so as the popularity of Aton, the sun-disk rose through the reformation of Pharaoh Akhenaton in 1369-1353 BC). Hebrew religion, being monotheistic, had only one all-powerful god. Instead of being believed by the people to be somewhere in the world, the Hebrew god was completely separated from the physical universe. Abraham in Canaan (about 1800 BC) is the first known practicer of monotheism. As for monotheistic resemblance in other cultures, the Greek god Zeus is seen as a leader of the other gods, but not independent of them. Akhenaton’s short-lived reform of Egyptian religion reveres Aton as the source of all life. This is the earliest religious expression of a belief in a sole god of the universe. Akhenaton’s challenge to the power of the priests did not last beyond his own lifetime.
This spark of monotheism can be traced back to Akhenaten’s father Amenhotep III. During his reign, ideas about the uniqueness of the sun god Re were developed in some de-tail. Some Egyptian priests conceived the possibility that all gods were part of a unique god from which all life originated and based on their experiential knowledge of nature (at least as they perceived it in Egypt) the sun was a good candidate for this universal god.
Mythology is the study of a compiled group of stories that describe the culture’s practices and past experiences. Mythology is a valuable aspect of every culture. It communicates the culture’s truthful everyday experiences or fabricated details of past events, roles, and traditions such as family, sexuality, art, religion, philosophy, laws and marriage. A culture’s collective group of stories help communicate loyalty, ethical and rational teachings, and social models. Ancient Greece and Egypt are two cultures that we’ve studied in this course so far that I will discuss the Creation Myth associated with each culture.
Egyptians worshiped many gods and goddesses. Some of the gods they worshiped were Ra the sun god, Isis the god of nature and magic, Horus the god of war and Osiris the god of the dead. The act of worshiping many gods is called polytheism. The Egyptians had a god for almost everything.
Egypt is one of the oldest and most complex civilizations of the world. Their religion and beliefs are fascinating and have been a mystery for centuries. Even today, there are some things that we still do not understand. In this research, I will investigate the basic concepts of Egyptian mythology and its gods.
One parallel between Greek and Egyptian creation stories is that they both begin with a God or Gods being created from the universe. The creation of the Greek world began when Eros(cupid) sprang from the great, shapeless mass of chaos and was later followed by Gaea(Earth), Erebus(darkness), and Nox(night). These later deities would become the ancestors of all other Greek Gods and Goddesses.(Footnote pg 56 The Literature and Mythology of Ancient Egypt) Similarly in Egyptian mythology, Ra came into being, and gave life to other Gods, “After I had come into being as the only God, there were three gods aside from me[Shu, Tefnut, and Nun].”(Kaster 56) Eventually, Shu and Tefnut begot Geb and Nut, who in turn created Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys. Creation by universe is a common factor in both Greek and Egyptian creation stories.
Although the people of both Lower and Upper Egypt believed in one creator who was referred to as the Ikka Nour, the two kingdoms referred to this religious figure by different names and meanings. In the northern kingdom, the Ikka Nour was known as “Ra”. Ra was associated with the sun giving rise to the quote “the sun that shines brilliantly everywhere”
Although there are few religions that still consider the ways of the ancient Egyptian culture important, they are still out there. They are influenced every day by the history, which permeates their rituals, scriptures, and more. Furthermore, Egypt’s political influence may be outdated and not the clearest system, but it led the way for further development and refinement for future use. Without the influence of Egypt, we would not be the civilization that we are
In Genesis, God made one male and later one female companion for him from his rib. In Egyptian lore, Neb-er-tcher created multiple men and woman from his tears at the same time, as shown when he states “…I gathered together my members, and I wept over them, and men and women sprang into being from the tears which came forth from my Eye.” Another apparent difference between the two texts is displayed when Neb-er-tcher creates two more Gods from his own being. Where Neb-er-tcher expanded the divine hierarchy, in Genesis, God remained the sole deity.