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Essay on Mughal empire
Essay on Mughal empire
The rise of the mughal empire
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Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar was born on October 14, 1542 in Sindh. In 1540, his father Humayun was forced into exile by Afghan leader Sher Shah and Akbar had to spend his childhood in Afghanistan with his uncle. His childhood was spent in fighting and running instead of learning how to read and write, though he was very interested in art, architecture, music and literature. His father, Humayun, died when Akbar was very young and Akbar was crowned a Mughal emperor around the age of thirteen or fourteen. He was a Mughal emperor from 1556 to 1605. Under his rule the Mughal’s had most of the Indian subcontinent under their power. Akbar did not consolidate his power until he successfully won two battles, one which was with the descendants of Sher Shah Suri and the other one was with the Hindu King Hemu of Panipat. Before he consolidated his power Akbar was assisted and advised by Bahram Khan in running the affairs of the country. Bahram Khan was soon removed and Akbar freed himself from external influences and ruled supreme. In order to preserve unity of the Mughal Empire, he had adopted many programs that won the hearts and loyalty of the Muslims and non-Muslim people of his realm. Along with his numerous military conquests, he had introduced a sequence of reforms to help consolidate his power. One of the great known reforms of Akbar was his religious tolerance aimed at Hindu-Muslim unification through the introduction of a new religion known as Din-i-Ilahi. His tolerance is said to be influenced by a great Sufi leaders and his surrounding of people with liberal views, which this paper is going to explore how Akbar’s religious tolerant policies were a direct result of his influence by Sufism and the concept of Solh-...
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Ghodratollahi, Eshan . "Akbar, The Doctrine of Shol-i-Khol and Hindu-Muslim Relations." Journal of Religious Thought: A Quarterly of Shiraz University 21 (2007): n. pag. Archive of SID. Web. 2 May 2012.
Akbar was considered the best of the Mughal rulers partly because of his tolerance of all religions. Akbar did his best to unify the Hindus and Muslims by giving both religions positions in the government. Traditionally, only Muslims would could be rulers zamindars while most of the population was Hindu. Akbar also married women of both religions, as an attempt to unify Hindus and Muslims. Akbar himself was interested in religions, inviting different people to discuss other religions with him. Akbar's greatest impact in trying to unite the Hindus and Muslims was creating the Divine Faith religion, but most people did not convert. When Akbar died, the following rulers did not support the same religious tolerance policy that he had. Aurangzeb tried to rid the empire of all Hindu. This caused revolts from both Hindus and Muslims, which created a period of instability allowing Europeans to come and take
Cobb, Paul. "Introduction." Ibn Munqidh, Usama. Book of Contemplation Islam and the Crusades. New York: Penguin Books, 2008. xv-xlii.
Monserrate, S.J., Trans. Hoylands, S.J. The Commentary of Father Monserrate, S.J. On his Journey to the Court of Akbar. London: Milford, 1922.
He was the son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, his mother, Herleva, the daughter of a tanner of Falaise. In 1035 William’s father Robert, Duke of Normandy, went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, in which he died. Before starting the pilgrimage, he presented to the nobles his seven year old child demanding their allegiance. "He is little", the father said, "but he will grow, and, if God please, he will mend." William, after a period of anarchy, became the ruler of Normandy in his father's place at the age of nine. William had a youth of clean life and of much natural piety, while the years of storm and stress through which he passed gave him an endurance of character which lasted to his life's end. During the time of anarchy in Normandy he became a skilled military leader and defeated his enemies, uniting his duchy. Once he began fighting, rumor has it that he never lost a battle.
Few historical figures stand out in the same degree as that of Alexander the Great. He was a warrior by 16, a commander at age 18, and was crowned King of Macedon by the time he was 20 years old. He did things in his lifetime that others could only dream about. Alexander single-handedly changed the nature of the ancient world in just over a decade. There were many attributes that made Alexander “Great.” He was a brilliant strategist and an inspired leader; he led by example and was a conqueror at heart. In looking at his early childhood, accession to the throne, conquests, marriage, and death one can see why Alexander the Great is revered in historical contexts as one of the greatest figures of all time.
The statue of a man who resembles the physical appearance of God leaves many to wonder the power and strength of such a person. Who can this god-like person be? What did he do to deserve to be portrayed in such an honorable way in the Greek society in the fourth century B.C? This statue is of a man named Alexander III of Macedon or more commonly known as, Alexander the Great. His father, King Phillip II, took the throne of Macedonia in 359 B.C.E and was able to turn Macedonia into the strongest military power in the entire Greek world. Macedonia was a state in the north eastern region of Greece. Alexander III of Macedon was born in 356 B.C.E in Pella; the ancient capital of Macedonia, Alexander grew up in the shadow of his father’s success in transforming Macedonia into a great military power. As his father tried to end the rivalries between city-states in Greece in order to unite in a war against Persia, Alexander was being tutored by Aristotle and had been a part of military campaigns. His father, more so, raised his son to become a great leader which is no wonder why when King Phillip II was assassinated and Alexander III of Macedon took the throne. Alexander the Great was able to succeed by his military strategies which change the demographics of the conquered nations during his reign in 336-323 B.C.E.
Rahman, Fazlur. Islam & Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982. Print.
Ayoob, M. (2007) The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim
Throughout his life, the Prophet Muhammad proved to be exceptionally adept at uniting diverse groups, negotiating a series of alliances and loyalty arrangements that spanned religious, tribal, ethnic, and familial lines (Berggren 2009). Among other things, this ability enabled Muhammad to forge a shared identity and found a nascent Islamic state from a diverse and even heterogeneous community (Rahman 1982; Ernst 2003, pp. 87-93). This diversity proved to be both a source of strength and conflict for Islam, and following the death of Muhammad early Islamic communities engaged in extensive debates not only about the nature of his teachings or how to carry his legacy forward, but also about the terms that should be used to define his authority. Although this debate produced a colorful array of movements within the tapestry of early Islamic civilization, this essay offers a critical examination of two particularly distinct perspectives on the nature of prophetic authority: namely, those articulated
Robinson, B.A. (2002, October 14). Islam: Is it a religion of violence or of peace.
In the West, Genghis Khan and the Mongol tribe are often presented as brutal savages who wiped out entire cultures, destroyed cities and killed many people. While these accounts are true, there was certainly more to the Mongol empire than sheer brutality. Many of the practices that Genghis Khan put into place were responsible for the successes of the Mongol Nation. With an ability to adapt and innovate, Genghis Khan became known as the world’s greatest conqueror and is still revered in many countries today.
G. Esposito, John L (2002) Islam; What Everyone Should Know. New York. Oxford University Press Inc.
Upon receiving the first sacred revelation in year 610, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) embarked on a divine mission to preach his message. These revelations were spread out over a period of 22 years. During those 22 years, Islam started to unfold and develop according to the ongoing events and circumstances. Events such as the Year of Sadness, the Night of Ascension, the Hijrah in year 622, and the building of the first Mosque in Quba all have played a role in shaping the development of the Islamic religion and adding to its complexities. The gradual introduction of the five pillars of Islam, which serve as the cornerstone of the Islamic religion, was among those complexities. One of the main pillars is Salat (Muslim prayer). Salat is one of the pillars that require an external display of faith and submission to God. The current form of salat, which is five daily prayers, took shape in year 619, about 9 years after the first revelation, and its details were fine-tuned by year 622. This paper will attempt to deconstruct the development of salat and how it became more complex, albeit less tedious, over time.
There are many leaders in the world, but a great ruler is passionate, honorable and one who can inspire even in the most hopeless circumstances. Alexander the Great was a great ruler. Alexander the Great was a ruler that was not only inspiring, but he was fearless, smart, bold and courageous. Alexander the Great inspired his soldiers to crave more. He has inspired people since the day he started ruling. What is inspirational about Alexander the Great is that he inspired his troops to the point that they did not question him when they were outnumbered three to one in a battle, they trusted him with their lives and were willing to die for him (Alexander the Great: man behind the legend).
Zakaria, M. M. (trans.). Sahih Muslim Sharif (All in one volume), Dhaka: Mina Book House, 2008.