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Biological influences on personality
Crtitics on behavioral genetics
Effects of environment in intelligence
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Recommended: Biological influences on personality
Essay question #1
Cognition is the mental process of gaining knowledge through thinking, judging and solving problems. Cognition functions to provide human beings with the ability to use language, make perceptions, use the imagination and make decisions. These thought processes play a significant role in personality development. Both biological and environmental factors have been linked to cognition. Biological factors include our genetic makeup and hereditary factors. Genetic makeup determines the physical characteristics of eye color, hair color. Hereditary factors are those traits that are transferred from parents and blood relations. These inherited traits determine temperament of human beings. Both the biological traits of genetics and inheritance play a major role in how human beings perceive themselves and how others interact with them. This cognitive perception of self and others is believed to help determine one’s personality. Environmental factors include how a human being is raised and how outside influences such as school, church, relationships and society shape their cognitive processes. An example of the relationship between cognition and personality would be of a child born of two different races. Physical characteristics are likely to be different with mixed races causing the child to perceive themselves as abnormal, thus leading to antisocial or introverted personality traits.
Essay question #2
The aggressive personality is defined as an “individual’s whose overall style of interacting involves considerable, persistent, maladaptive aggression” (counselingresource.com). Evolutionary, biological and environmental factors are contributing components of the aggressive personality. Human beings ...
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...sachusetts: Allyn And Bacon.
Cloninger, S. C. (2008). Theories of Personality Understanding Persons.. Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall. (Original work published 1996).
CounsellingResource.com.CounsellingResource.com – Psychology, Therapy & Mental Health
Resources. Retrieved December 6, 2011, from
http://counsellingresource.com/features/2008/11/03/aggressive-personalities/
Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2006). Personality: classic theories and modern
research. Needham Heights: Allyn And Bacon. (Original work published 1999)
Simon, PhD, D. G. (2008, November 7). Understanding the Aggressive Personalities | CounsellingResource.com.CounsellingResource.com – Psychology, Therapy & Mental Health
Resources. Retrieved December 6, 2011, from
http://counsellingresource.com/features/2008/11/03/aggressive-personalities
All around the globe, people have attempted to find an organic, genetic basis for aggressive behavior. Several hormones and neurotransmitters, such as testosterone and seretonin, have been implicated in the "aggression quest", as well as specific localities of the human brain. My paper will serve to suggest that although many findings have shown impressive results regarding possible biological causes of violent behavior, we still do not have sufficient means to understand the neuroanatomical or biochemical basis of aggression.
There is something to be said for heredity, and the traits that we inherit from our elders. With recent advancements in genetics, such as the mapping of the human genome and the study of epigenetics, scientists have a better understanding of what traits are inherited. There are the obvious traits such as eye color, hair color and skin color that are inherited from one’s parents and there are genes making a person predisposed to certain diseases such as breast cancer. However, the line becomes slightly blurred when it comes to behavior, mental psyche and intelligence. The nu...
Torgersen, S. (2009). The nature (and nurture) of personality disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(6), 624-632. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00788.x
One of the most researched topics in the history of psychology is aggression. One goal of social scientists has been to define aggression. Some believe that aggression is biologically preprogrammed, others look toward situational factors and this study suggests that aggression is learned. This study was conducted by Albert Bandura and his associates in 1961 at Stanford University. The researchers proposed that the children be exposed to adult models with either aggressive or nonaggressive ways, they would then be tested without the models present to determine if they would imitate that aggression they observed in the adult.
Every person that has different characteristics that influence how they think, act, and build relationships. While some people are introverted, others are extroverted. Some people are strict and do not take risks, while others are carefree and free spirited. However, there are times where a person’s behavior becomes destructive, problematic, and maladaptive (Widger, 2003). The key to examining a person for a possible personality disorder is not if they have quirks, but if they display severe behavioral, emotional, and social issues. A diagnosis of having a personality disorders involves identifying if their extreme behaviors, emotions, and thoughts that are different than cultural expectations interfere with the ...
Personality disorder. Encyclopedia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. 2014. Web. 08 Feb 2014
A layman would define personality as an individual’s characteristics in terms of how they think and behave. Many theorists, however, interprets personality differently resulting in various personality theories. Personality is determined by traits which are behaviours displayed by a person in most given situations. How a person reacts to common circumstances may also be used to foresee future behaviours. Traits are then categorized into types that allow easier comparisons to be made between each individual’s attributes. The focus of this paper would be on the biological aspects of personality whereby traits are thought to be inheritable through genetics and associated with the central nervous system. Behavioural genetics are research that makes use of results from studies done on family, twins and adoptions. The findings of how both genes and environment influences personality from the studies will be discussed. Some researchers found possible issues with the representativeness of such studies. The outline of Eysenck’s biological model of personality and arousal, Gray’s BAS/BIS theory and Cloninger’s biological model of personality will further explain the biological effect on personality.
Vaillancourt, T., & Hymel, S. (2006). Aggression and social status: The moderating roles of sex and peer-valued characteristics. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 396–408. doi:10.1002/ab.20138.
Personality is patterns of thinking, behavior and emotional responses that make up individuality over time. Psychologist attempt to understand how personality develops and its impact on how we behave. Several theories attempt to explain personality, using different approaches. The social-cognitive and humanistic approaches are two of many theories that attempt to explain personality. This essay will identify the main concepts of social-cognitive and humanistic approach, identify perspective differences and discuss approach limitations.
Social psychologists defined “Aggression” as an intentional behavior to cause physical or mental suffering of others. We put the
Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: a Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature." Psychological Science (2001). EBSCO. DePaul Library. 7 Mar. 2008.
Hoermann, Simone, Corinne E. Zupanick, and Mark Dombeck. "Cognitive-Behavioral Theory of Personality Disorders." - Personality Disorders. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014.
According Bjornlund (2011), psychologists have identified ten known personality disorders. Personality disorders have been grouped into different categories. These categories consist of Cluster A, B, and C. Cluster A exhibi...
As discussed in the earlier, human behaviour has individual differences. These differences are due to the fact that both heredity and environment plays a crucial role in defining the behaviour pattern of each individual. Some of the characteristics are inherited or becomes a part of the human nature naturally. These may or may not be subjected to change by external environment. These include physical characteristics, age, intelligence, religious beliefs. There are other features of the human characteristics that are acquired by the person through external factors like perception, personality, attitude and values. These are called environmental factors and have different influence on different people. Human nature is made up of a unique combination
Trait theory is one of many approaches that analyse and study human personality. The traits themselves are psychological characteristics that are stable over time and across situations i.e. consistent patterns in the way individuals behave, feel and think. For example, a person identified as having the honesty trait can be assumed to be honest over time (weeks, months and years) as well as across different situations (friends, family, strangers, etc.). Trait theorists’ then use these ‘traits’ to characterize the personality of a person, however, no one person can simple be characterized by one trait – humans are complex beings. The personality trait chosen for discussion in this paper is aggression or aggressiveness (Cervone & Pervin, 2012).