In this section, I will begin by explaining Francine Shapiro’s Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR), followed by an introduction to attachment focused EMDR (AF-EMDR) by Laurel Parnell, Ph.D. I will discuss the use of EMDR for the treatment of CSA in healing relational trauma and how it helps with MDD and GAD; and will provide research articles that show its efficacy. I will then demonstrate why AF_EMDR was the right treatment for my client based on her diagnosis, by looking the properties of AF-EMDR that will be beneficial in treating this client. EMDR. EMDR is an evidence-based psychotherapy modality that has generated successful outcomes in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, mental health problems, and somatic symptoms (Shapiro, 2001). EMDR is based on the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) which states that maladaptive or incomplete encoding and processing of traumatic and disturbing negative life experiences causes inability to integrate experiences in an adaptive manner (Shapiro, 2001). According to Francine Shapiro, disruptive storage of events and memories results in the inability to process, …show more content…
In phase 1, the client’s history and traumatic events are identified (Solomon et al., 2009). Phase 2 is the preparation phase, during which EMDR process is explained and a therapeutic alliance is established (Solomon et al., 2009). Phase 3, assessment, involves identifying the target memory and accessing it (Solomon et al., 2009). Phase 4 comprises bilateral stimulation that helps to desensitize the client in processing the past (Solomon et al., 2009). In phase 5 a new, positive cognition is established and is installed (Solomon et al., 2009). In phase 6, the body is scanned to ensure that the client is no longer left with any residual body sensations (Solomon et al., 2009). Phase 7 focuses on closure, and is followed by phase 8, reevaluation (Solomon et al.,
According to Sharf, (2008) the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was designed to treat posttraumatic stress disorder. EMDR requires that the clients visualize an upsetting memory and accompanying physical sensations. The clients repeat negative self-statements that they associate with the scene. The procedure is repeated again and again until the client’s anxiety is reduced. EMDR focuses on desensitizing strong emotional reasons in clients and help them to reframe their belief systems to accommodate new emotional states (Sharf, 2008).
journey from memories to recovery. Truddi Chase, the patient and author of this work, had
...ces, accidents or the abrupt death of a loved one, and physical or sexual assault. EMDR therapy shows that the mind can in fact heal from psychological trauma much as the body recovers from physical trauma. Generally EMDR has proven to be a very successful therapy, but one that many do not completely understand. While this lack of understanding creates some of the controversy surrounding EMDR most of the controversy is centered on whether the eye movement part of the treatment is essential to helping patients diagnosed with PTSD. So far researchers cannot yet be sure that the eye movement part of the treatment is essential to helping patients diagnosed with PTSD. Overall EMDR therapy is important because it helps to process distressing memories, reducing their lingering effects which allow patients to develop more adaptive coping mechanisms and lead ordinary lives.
In addition, some argue that the recovery of repressed memories during psychotherapy might be a result of suggestive practices employed by the therapist (Madill & Holch, 2004). This has raised questions among scholars who have suggested that the creation of false memories is plausible, especially if repressed memories have been recovered in therapy where suggestive techniques, such as hypnosis, have been used by the therapist in treatment. Ms. Jaynor stated that after experiencing symptoms of depression and low self-esteem, she decided to seek help and started therapy to treat her symptoms. Ms. Jaynor mentioned to therapist Janet Balderston that she did not recall any traumatic experiences as a child. Memories of her childhood were not clear but she remembered it as being average, neither terrible nor extremely happy. Ms. Jaynor’s therapist suggested hypnosis and dream interpretation as part of treatment since Cindy’s description of her childhood was typical of a person who suffered from
False memories being created is obvious through many different ways, such as eye-witness testimonies and past experiments that were conducted, however repression is an issue that has many baffled. There seems to be little evidence on the factual basis of repressed memories, and many argue that it does not exist. The evidence for repression in laboratories is slowly emerging, but not as rapidly as the evidence for false memories. It has been hard to clinically experiment with repressed memories because most memories are unable to be examined during the actual event to corroborate stories. Experimenters are discovering new ways to eliminate this barrier by creating memories within the experiment’s initial phase. This is important for examining the creation of false memories during the study phase. This research study will explore the differences between recovered memories and false memories through research and experiments. Other terms and closely related terms will be discussed, while examining any differences, in relation to repressed memories. The possibility of decoding an actual difference between recovered memories and false memories, through biological techniques. Because false memories can be created, examining these creations in a laboratory setting can shed light on facts overlooked. Exploring these issues will also help with the development of better therapeutic techniques for therapists in dealing with memories. This can lead to an easier process for patients and therapists if they must go through the legal system in relation to an uncovered memory.
Studies show that TF-CBT has been effective when working with children and reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress, depression, and behavior problems following trauma (Cary & McMillen, 2011). Bisson and Andrew (2009) state through systematic review of adults, TF-CBT performed eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) and outperformed other treatments. The Kauffman Best Practices Project (2004) believes that TF-CBT is the “best practice” in the field of child abuse treatment.
CBT and rational emotive behaviour therapy REBT (Ellis, 1955) rely on self-reflection and evaluation in order to achieve success. CBT utilises the stimulus -response (SR) model (Pavlov, 1903). Reflexive response to stimulus (Gross, 2005) becomes modified to stimulus –cognition- response (SCR) (Beck, 1967). This introduces a reflective element, similar to the input- processing -output schema found in the computational model of the mind (Putman, 1961, 1988; Fodor, 1979). Decision-making and rationality (Jones and Pulos, 1993) are employed in order to negotiate knowledge of internal influence. Once this knowledge is perceived cognitions are evaluated and reassessed before rational alternatives are generated (Ellis, 1962). Thereby introducing the possibility of transformation. CBT is most effective with anxiety disorders (Beck et al 1985; Schoenberger et al, 1997; Brown 2007) and eating disorders (Baker and Nash, 1987; Griffiths et al, 1996). Meta analysis also supports the use of CBT with depression (Gaffan, Tsaosis, Kemp-Wheeler, 1995; Butter and Beck, 2000). However, whilst some studies suggest that CBT is most effective when used alone i.e. without drugs (Marks, Swinson, Basoglu, Kuch, N...
Combining these IST and attachment, a client can reintegrate affective responses and relational needs through mutual recognition in the therapeutic relationship. Furthermore, both approaches delve into the subjective and embodied processes of both client and therapist, which allows me to integrate interventions like mindfulness, deep breathing, DBT skills, and other behavioral coping skills that work in conjunction with the relational processes to empower clients to stabilize, regulate, and develop new ways to relate interpersonally. The use of these interventions is particularly helpful when working with clients with severe and chronic mental illnesses as it creates a safe, relational holding space for clients to develop necessary coping skills, especially when the therapy is time-limited. The client had developed a dismissive attachment style characterized by two coexisting, but conflicting internal working models.
... middle of paper ... ... Retrieved from Senia: http://www.senia.com/2007/09/24/5-specific-techniques-from-positive-psychology-more-productive-more-successful-happier/. Retrieved on 10/20/13. Network, F. R. (2010-2013). Trauma Abuse Treatment -.
An alternative view to this debate, are from practicing therapist who argue that most recovered memories are true, and that there is still some evidence to support the concept of repressed memories (Briere & Conte, 1993). They claim that traumatic memories such as sexual abuse tend to be different from ordinary memories because they are encoded in a way that prevents them from being accessible in everyday life. In addition, they argue that certain procedures during therapy are necessary in order to bring the repressed memories back into conscious awareness, and this is deemed necessary in order to help the patient recover. Despite these claims, there is little evidence to support the validity of reported cases of recovered memories, and most of the theories are mainly based on speculation rather than scientific evidence. However, there have been some cases in which a recovered memory did corresponded to an actual event that occurred. For example, an article by Freyd (1999), reported a case in which a man called Frank Fitzpatrick recovered memories of sexual abuse from childhood. Although this
According to Webb (2012), EBP also does not approve of the recovery model because it is based off of a humanistic and sociological health perspective. Despite not being an EPB, PRRC uses the recovery model in conjunction with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
These types encompass Cognitive Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and Multimodal Therapy. For instance, an individual anguish from a quiet confidence that activates negative thoughts about his or her capacity or display. As a result of these patterns of negative thinking, the person might start averting social issues or passing up opportunities for advancement (Wedding & Corsini, 2014). Cognitive behavior therapy frequently adapted for clients who are comfortable with contemplation. For CBT to be efficient, the Client must be eager to evaluate his or her logic and feelings. Such rumination may be difficult, but it is an excellent way to acquire how internal states impact outward behavior. Cognitive behavior therapy is also appropriate for people looking for an interim alternative treatment that does not inevitably contain pharmacological medication. One of the assets of CBT that aid clients was developing coping strategies that may be beneficial both now and in the
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy appears to be a new treatment, although its roots can be traced to Albert Ellis’s Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy, published in 1962. Cognitive therapy assumes that thoughts precede actions and false self-beliefs cause negative emotions. It is now known that most depression treatments have cognitive components to them, whether they are recognized or not. In the 1970’s many psychologists began using cognitive components to describe depression. From there, they developed cognitive forms to treat depression with impressive results (Franklin, 2003).
In Narrative exposure therapy a client creates a narrative that tells their whole life story, from their birth to the present day, and in this context focuses on providing a detailed report of their traumatic experiences (Neuner et al., 2004). Further, the goals of NET are both to reduce the symptoms of PTSD by habituating the client to the emotional response to the traumatic memories, and to construct a detailed narrative regarding the trauma experiences within the context of their whole life. Theories regarding PTSD symptoms and the role of emotional processing have suggested that memories of traumatic events become distorted and lead to a fragmented understanding of the traumatic memories, which is thought to maintain the symptoms of PTSD.
The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs talks about several different treatments, and how they work in this article. Two of the major treatments that the US Department of Veterans Affair speaks about are cognitive processing therapy, and prolonged exposure therapy. With cognitive processing therapy, therapists teach you how to find your triggers, stressors, and feelings for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and control them. Cognitive processing therapy teaches the trauma victim how to destress and cope with the world around them, and how to not place the blame on themselves which can cause bad episodes, and flashbacks. Prolonged exposure therapy is where therapist have you bring up traumatic memories from the past. The therapist can have you