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The relationship of nature & society
Power and authority of government
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is at odds with the idea of a civil society since it is illogical to think that people would consent to be governed by a government that is worse than the state of nature. A society in which the government is above or outside the law remains in a state of nature because there is no security against violence and oppression. Therefore, this exercise of arbitrary power again puts the absolute government in a state of war against its people because, as Locke writes: He who attempts to get another man into his absolute power, does thereby put himself in a state of war with him; it being understood as a declaration of design upon his life….The injury and the crime is equal, whether committed by the wearer of a crown, or some petty villain (Locke …show more content…
Hobbes’s government is impossible, firstly, because people have no arbitrary power to transfer. Secondly, a government that is not bound by laws is no government at all since it remains in a state of nature with its citizens. Lastly, the Hobbesian sovereign’s right to take away his subjects’ property makes the establishment of this form of government incongruous because the purpose of the government is the protection of property. Absolute arbitrary government comes about only when the government exceeds its authority and is not something that should be strived for. Therefore, the government, which Hobbes proposes to exit the state of war, would, for Locke, directly introduce or set the stage for civil war. In Locke’s Treatise, the social contract binds citizens to a government, which is responsible to its citizenry. If the government fails to represent the interest of its citizens, its citizens have the right and obligation to overthrow it. By contrast, in Hobbes’s Leviathan, there is no reciprocal relationship between the ruler and the ruled. Absolute arbitrary government invests all rights in the sovereign and the citizens forfeit their rights. It is because of these different views on the purpose and origin of government that one can say Locke’s “Second Treatise of Government” is a successful confutation of Hobbes’s
Clearly, though both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke share similar social contracts, with regards to representation and the role of the government, their views are radically different, stemming from their sharply contrasting views on the State of Nature. Although they had radically opposing viewpoints when it came to the role of government, both Hobbes’ Leviathan and Locke’s Two Treatise of Government were instrumental references in the forming the American government and political spectrum. Predictably, Hobbes’ extremely cynical-in-a-PTSD views on the State of Nature (and thus government) were less regarded, in favor of Locke’s more moderate views on government and towards humanity in general.
Hobbes and Locke had very different ideas how government should work. For example Hobbes believes that humans would use the lack of government to do whatever they desire. He believes that there should be a powerful common power/monarchy. He believed that people who did wrong would get punished the right way and if they don’t then they would escalate their crimes and do worse things. In his book The Leviathan Hobbes said in document two, “Where there is no common power, there is no law; where there is no law, no injustice… Justice and injustice are none of the faculties neither of the body nor mind.” he text from Hobbes’ book support why he believes that man will do worse things if they don’t have a strong hand to stop him from doing worse is
John Locke defines tyranny as “the exercise of power beyond right, which nobody can have the right to”, he further explains it as the ruler using his power, not for the good of the people but to his own private separate advantage (363). Locke sites a speech made by King James I, in which he states the clear difference between a lawful king and a tyrant. The lawful king procures the wealth and property of his people while a tyrant thinks “his kingdom and the people are only ordained for the satisfaction of his desires and unreasonable appetites” (363). By this Locke claims that monarchies, oligarchies and democracies alike can have tyrannical leaders, whether its one person ruling the state or a group of people. A group of individuals with enough power over people can use that power to “impoverish, harass, or subdue” the people. It is then that they have abused their power and become tyrannical. Locke sees this as the government being in a state of war against its people. Locke states that people are all born in the state of nature having absolute freedom within the bounds of the law of nature. In this state people begin acquiring property, but with no written law, people’s property becomes unsecure. People enter a civil society, where there is a legislative and an executive branch. The legislative’s duty is to create laws and the executive i...
A dictatorship, in this case Hitler, and a party (Nazi Party: National Socialist Germans’ Workers Party NSDAP) need to control the law courts, the media, police and of course, the government. There is basically no freedom of choice and the individual who created this totalitarian government has total control over its people. In any government, there are many different aspects that it controls, and these are especially significant for totalitarian governments. First of all, totalitarian governments control the political aspect of their state, in the sense that the leader basically symbolizes the government and is able to unite its people, the government is also solely controlled by one single political party, and the state is always considered more important than the individuals. A second aspect is the social aspect, in which the totalitarian government controls all features of daily life, meaning citizens are denied their basic rights and liberties, and there is a secret police that uses terror and violence to enforce governmental policies. Finally, the economic aspect of totalitarian governments basically represents the fact that they direct the national economy and control businesses, which means that these businesses and labor in general are used to fulfill the objectives of the state.
Democracy has been the root of a limited government, the system of which government powers are distributed so that one group of leaders do not have too much influence. The limited government has been structured to keep peace amongst all parties that are involved in the government. And under the U.S. Constitution, citizens are given ultimate power by their right to choose their representatives through the democratic process of voting. Each levels of the government are limited as they have their own responsibilities. The city government has the most local level of government as the residents elect a city council and mayor to represent their interest at the city level. All city governments establish housing and health regulations, and are responsible
He takes off with a hypothetical scenario that he refers to as “the state of nature”, wherein he analyzes the condition of individuals before the emergence of states. In such a state society is deemed to be chaotic and all men are considered equal and all have a right to act so as to survive , In such a state of nature he refers to human life as being “nasty, solitary, brutish and short”. He states three laws of nature that man must adhere to in such a state of nature and states that without observance of the laws of nature there will be continuous struggle arising from the conflict of individual judgments as to how best to survive. It is only by ceding will to a Leviathan is order created, based on mutual relation between protection and obedience. Hobbes refers to such a covenant as the “social contract”, whereby the individuals taking part promise to transfer their rights to govern themselves to some sovereign. The Contract is not made between the individuals and that sovereign. Indeed, the “sovereign has an absolute power to govern; there is no point at which he may be considered as subject to those who made the Contract among themselves” . Further, it is important to note that Hobbes has in mind, when referring to the sovereign, a ‘person’ or ‘an assembly of persons’ . For Hobbes law is the command of the sovereign and without a sovereign, law and social contract will cease to exist and he believe...
Hobbes explanation of the state and the sovereign arises from what he calls “the State of Nature”. The State of Nature is the absence of political authority. There is no ruler, no laws and Hobbes believes that this is the natural condition of humanity (Hobbes 1839-45, 72). In the State of Nature there is equality. By this, Hobbes means, that there is a rough equality of power. This is because anyone has the power to kill anyone (Hobbes 1839-45, 71). Hobbes argues that the State of Nature is a violent, continuous war between every person. He claims that the State of nature is a state of w...
In The Leviathan Thomas Hobbes argues for the establishment of a society that does not contain the elements of its own demise. Hobbes views civil war as a society’s ultimate demise, and the only way to avoid it is for the citizens initially to submit to an absolute political authority. For Hobbes, civil war is inevitable in every type of government except an absolute government. In order to sustain this absolute government, the citizens not only must submit to the absolute political authority, but they must also not partake in activities that actively undermine the absolute political authority’s power. For these reasons, it is clear that Hobbes believes in political obedience and its ability to influence the peace of a society. Furthermore,
An Analysis of the Absolute Monarchy of France in the 17th Century This historical study will define the absolute monarchy as it was defied through the French government in the 17th century. The term ‘absolute” is defined I the monarchy through the absolute control over the people through the king and the royal family. All matters of civic, financial, and political governance was controlled through the king’s sole power as the monarchical ruler of the French people. In France, Louis XIII is an important example of the absolute monarchy, which controlled all facts of military and economic power through a single ruler. Udder Louis XIII’s reign, the consolidation of power away from the Edicts of Nantes to dominant local politics and sovereignty
...rbitrary power to transfer. Secondly, a government which is not bound by standing laws is really no government at all because it remains in a state of nature with its citizens. Thirdly, the Hobbesian sovereign’s right to take away his subjects’ property makes the establishment of this form of government absurd, because the purpose of government is primarily the protection of property. Absolute arbitrary government comes about when the legislature exceeds its authority. A legislature that abuses its power against it’s subjects’ interests is guilty of rebellion. In essence then, the government which Hobbes proposes to exit the state of war, would, for Locke either directly introduce or set the stage for civil war.
“From this institution of a commonwealth are derived all the rights, and faculties of him, or them, on whom the sovereign power is conferred by the consent of the people assembled” (Cahn, 2012, pp. 407). Hobbes believed that a sovereign individual needed to be placed in government in order to provide protection from living in a state of nature. Referring back to Hobbes’ view of human nature, with man being selfish, government was necessary to have order and cease chaos in Hobbes’ opinion. The role of state was to prevent and protect people from taking each other’s personal property and from killing each other. Although Hobbes believed the role of the state was to protect each individual from getting property stolen, he did not see property as being of high importance. “He considered the right to own property something emanating from the sovereign. Individuals could only claim ownership of a thing as long as the sovereign permitted it” (Lecture Notes,
” (Hernandez 2013b, 16) In Locke’s words, he says that all men are created equal by God and have natural rights to life, liberty and property, including their body nature and for its purpose of self-preservation. Once the societies are formed, men will no longer able to take control in their hands because the purpose of the government is to protect each individual’s natural right and also to provide for the common good. Liberty means as an individual we have the freedom that we can take our responsibility in matters in our hands. It is relevant to us as a human being to have rights of our own than to have the government making decision for us. The challenge of balancing the government needs for individual freedom and legitimacy is the people feel that they have the rights to speak and take priority into their
He created a book called, “Leviathan”. In this book Hobbes explained how the government should be like a monster, “Leviathan”. In the book “Leviathan”, He claimed because men are selfish and ignorant, words would mean nothing to them, he believed the government had to have consequences, and be backed by force because the bonds of words are too weak to control man’s ambitions and greed without the fear of some coercive power. The word leviathan means, “monster” and that is exactly what Hobbes said the government should be towards men in order to maintain them and order security. However, Jean Jacques Rousseau believed a government deserves to be obeyed only if its actions follow the general will. The general will means, “is the will of the people as a whole”. As fair as it sounds, I disagree that a government deserves to be obeyed only if its actions follow the general will. Hobbes was saying is the government should be like a guidance for men, to show them the right path. If the system was to work under the general will, then the government wouldn’t be able to guide us much. An example of this would be is if we ran under the general will and the country wants no consequences for doing bad stuff such as; stealing, killings and etc. The country wouldn’t be steered the right path. That is why I believe Thomas Hobbes see’s stuff in a unique way he believes there should be a government formed and the government should be backed by force; he believed they should be a leviathan because the bonds of words are too weak to control man’s ambitions and greed without the fear of some coercive
... is the only right form of government. Hobbes believes that any such conflict in system such as seperation of powers can leads to civil war. He holds that any form of ordered government is preferable to civil war. Thus he advocates that all members of society submit to one absolute, central authority for the sake of maintaining the common peace. For Hobbes, this is the only sure means of maintaining a civil, peaceful polity and preventing the dissolution of society into civil war.
Hobbes wrote the Leviathan during the civil war where he had experienced horrendous visions of violence. “Thomas Hobbes lived during some of the most tumultuous times in European history -- consequently, it should be no surprise that his theories were thoroughly pessimistic regarding human nature.” This may support his view that he would rather have any higher authority rather than none no matter how corrupted the government actually is. He wrote that the people “should respect and obey their government because without it society would descend into a civil war ‘of every man against every man’.” However, this may have been the cause for a bias view. To elaborate, a war is an extreme depiction of the potential volatility in human nature. Therefore making one aspect of humanity seems pre-dominant.