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Basic terms of economics
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Describe an ACO and economic impacts:
An ACO is defined as a local organization with a related set of providers that can be held accountable for costs and quality of care delivered to a defined population. Involves considerable flexibility in how ACOs can be organized, enabling them to develop more quickly and require fewer resources. It’s an affiliation of multiple types of providers that band together to perform a range of services. They get together as a big entity and say to insurers they will take care of a defined population of people because they have a group that has agreed to work together. Are paid on a shared savings basis, reflecting a percentage of the difference between a benchmark and the costs to Medicare for services proved
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Health insurance raises your compensation which if you are selling services it makes you more likely to sell more days of your services/work. Health insurance relationship to your total compensation which as a supplier, the more you get paid the more you are willing to supply. Therefore, if you sell more you get paid more. If you have the option of getting or not getting health insurance you will sell more days of labor to the employer that gives you health insurance because its more total compensation.
Reasons we do economic evaluation
1. To determine if its worth it which comes down to seeing if we are getting efficacy, is it doing what we think it should do.
2. Second, because we want to find out if one is better than another. Which one ultimately gives us the best value.
CEA: The difference in cost is compare to the difference in outcomes. Used where there are alternative ways of attaining a single type of
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If we increase quality we reduce supply because we increase cost. It also increases demand because if the consumer has an expectation of their care. If they expect that seeking this care they will get better the they will seek more of the care. So, if we increase quality through par for performance we are going to increased the consumers expectation of outcome. We will then increase the cost of providing care which will then reduce supply.
Describe the types of effects that the entry of managed care organizations into a market cab have a medical care provider
Managed care organization come into the market and go to providers and ask doctors/ hospitals if they will give them a discount on their fees and ill direct more buisness to you. So, the providers will agree to give a discount because they want the patients, but then the people that didn’t get discounts loose patients. Then those businesses will give the discount too because they want to recover their patients. In the providers perspective this will push down revenues. Marginal revenue goes down and it will create duplication of services because everyone is giving discounts to not loos patients. Demand will go up. Overall, insurers come in the market to push for discounts. Other providers then start playing me too. Fees
To guarantee that its members receive appropriate, high level quality care in a cost-effective manner, each managed care organization (MCO) tailors its networks according to the characteristics of the providers, consumers, and competitors in a specific market. Other considerations for creating the network are the managed care organization's own goals for quality, accessibility, cost savings, and member satisfaction. Strategic planning for networks is a continuing process. In addition to an initial evaluation of its markets and goals, the managed care organization must periodically reevaluate its target markets and objectives. After reviewing the markets, then the organization must modify its network strategies accordingly to remain competitive in the rapidly changing healthcare industry. Coventry Health Care, Inc and its affiliated companies recognize the importance of developing and managing an adequate network of qualified providers to serve the need of customers and enrolled members (Coventry Health Care Intranet, Creasy and Spath, http://cvtynet/ ). "A central goal of managed care is containing the costs of delivering care, but the wide variety of organizations typically lumped together under the umbrella of managed care pursue this goal using combination of numerous strategies that vary from market to market and from organization to organization" (Baker , 2000, p.2).
Integrated Managed Care Organization- The organization is properly aligned for the primary driver being cost cutting services. Since all entities within the organization are responsible and affected by any expenses endured on any entity being unfavorable or favorable, the foundation serves as a primary motivator to reduce costs at all levels. This alignment eliminates any financial gains from driving high utilization of services or higher intensity services within the organization. Ultimately, this system allows the physician medical group to drive patient care, being responsible for the clinical care decisions as opposed to health plan making those decisions as designed in other organizations. This is the preferable model for Medicaid
Managed care reimbursement models have contributed to risk avoidance by negotiating discounts, discouraging use, and denying payments for charges that appear to be false. Health care reform has increased awareness to the quality of care providers give, thus shifting the responsibility onto the provider to provide quality care or else be forced to receive reduced reimbursements (Buff & Terrell,
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) is a group of individual health plans that are intended to provide services for costumers’ that purchase insurance policies and for those that cannot afford health insurance. Many of these organization are led by physicians, and other professionals that network together to make health care affordable for patients. In the HMO category there are five separate managed care plan models. First, the Group Model (HMO), is a group that has a number of physicians that mainly agree to provide care to a defined group of patients in return for a fix rate capita payment for discounted fees from insurance companies (Henderson, 2012 p.212).
The Affordable Care Act seeks to reduce health care costs by encouraging doctors, hospitals and other health care providers to form networks which coordinate patient care and become eligible for bonuses when they deliver that care more efficiently. Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) make providers jointly accountable for the health of their patients, giving them financial incentives to cooperate and save money by avoiding unnecessary tests and procedures. About four million Medicare beneficiaries are now in an ACO, and, combined with the private sector, more than 428 provider groups have already signed up (CMS, 2014). An estimated 14 percent of the U.S. population is now being served by an ACO (CMS, 2014).
For patients, when ACOs are fully functional they represent an increase in patient experience in several ways. First ACOs allow open communication between physicians from different specialties coordinating together to determine solutions. Second, ACOs also establish a single point of contact for all questions concerning care. Finally, these organizations represent a centralized network of physicians for the patient, creating a team to deliver comprehensive care. In fact, there is mounting evidence that suggests the potential benefits of care coordination in ACOs for both patient experience and quality, including reduced hospital admissions, improved quality of chronic disease management, improved patient satisfaction, and better access to specialty care (Stille, 2005). For providers, ACOs provide an opportunity for better collaboration on the various modalities they use on their patients, as well as improved workflow and communication. There are several stakeholders in which the large scale implementation of ACOs would affect. Federal and state government health insurance programs like Medicaid and Medicare, one type of stakeholders. With the implementation of ACOs and the shared savings model, Medicaid and Medicare now have a financial incentive to partner with healthcare organizations to deliver better outcomes at lower costs. If done correctly, Medicaid and Medicare stand to save large
When one examines managed health care and the hospitals that provide the care, a degree of variation is found in the treatment and care of their patients. This variation can be between hospitals or even between physicians within a health care network. For managed care companies the variation may be beneficial. This may provide them with opportunities to save money when it comes to paying for their policy holder’s care, however this large variation may also be detrimental to the insurance company. This would fall into the category of management of utilization, if hospitals and managed care organizations can control treatment utilization, they can control premium costs for both themselves and their customers (Rodwin 1996). If health care organizations can implement prevention as a way to warrant good health with their consumers, insurance companies can also illuminate unnecessary health care. These are just a few examples of how the health care industry can help benefit their patients, but that does not mean every issue involving physician over utilization or quality of care is erased because there is a management mechanism set in place.
Health Maintenance Organizations, or HMO’s, are a very important part of the American health care system. Also referred to as managed care programs, HMO's are combinations of doctors and insurance companies that are formed into one organization. This organization provides treatment to its members at fixed costs and decides on what treatment, if any, will be given based on the patient's or doctor's current health plan. Sometimes, no treatment is given at all. HMO's main concerns are to control costs and supposedly provide the best possible treatment to their patients. But it seems to the naked eye that instead their main goal is to get more people enrolled so that they can maintain or raise current premiums paid by consumers using their service. For HMO's, profit comes first- not patients' lives.
Student outlines how they would evaluate the effectiveness of both of the interventions, specifically describing the markers of success they would use to determine effectiveness?
Managed care dominates health care in the United States. It is any health care delivery system that combines the functions of health insurance and the actual delivery of care, where costs and utilization of services are controlled by methods such as gatekeeping, case management, and utilization review. Different types of managed care plans came into development by three major factors. These factors include choice of providers, different ways of arranging the delivery of services, and payment and risk sharing. Types of managed care organizations include Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) which consist of five common models that differ according to how the HMO is related to the participating physicians, Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs), Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPO), and Point of Service Plans (POS). `The information management system in a managed care organization is determined by the structure of the organization' (Peden,1998, p.90). The goal of a managed care system is to provide subscribers and dependants with needed health care services at the lowest possible cost. Certain managed care plans also focus on prevention by trying to keep members healthy.
It is enthralling to note that in spite of the advances in healthcare systems, such as our hospital’s ability to provide patients with lower cost, managed One being the Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO), which was first proposed in the 1960s by Dr. Paul Elwood in the "Health Maintenance Strategy”. The HMO concept was created to decrease increasing health care costs and was set in law as the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, after promotion from the Nixon Administration. HMO would, in exchange for a fee, allow members access to employed physicians and facilities. In return, the HMO received market access and could earn federal development funds.
Competition ensures the provision of better products and services to satisfy the needs of customers (Rivers and Glover, 2013) (Martins, n.d.). Traditional competition in health care involves one or more elements (e.g. price, quality, convenience, and superior products or services) (Rivers and Glovers, 2013) (Martins, n.d.). A key role of competition in health care is the potential to provide a mechanism for reducing health care costs (Rivers and Glover, 2013) (Martins, n.d.).
Health insurance provides benefits for sickness, injury, surgery, and prescription medication. There are a variety of plans with different
...per medical treatment. V.S. Ramachandran states that “randomized, controlled trial research do not make clinical decisions for physicians; rather, they must be applied to individual patients and clinical situations based on value judgments, both by physicians and patients. Clinical decision-making must entail value judgments about the costs and benefits of available treatments” (91). A patient can practice medicine by deciding whether a certain treatment option is right for him or her. For example, an individual might choose to take medication instead of having surgery because of monetary costs, or decide which prescription drug to take based on the potential side effects. Overall, though a physician may advise an individual on a certain treatment to cure him or her of a medical concern, it is ultimately the patients’ decision on whether or not to carry it out.
Managed health care actually combines health care delivery with the financing of services provided. This was intended to replace conventional fee-for service plans with much more affordable quality of care to the health consumers as well as the providers who was in agreement with the restrictions. However, managed care is becoming challenged due to the growth of consumer-directed health plans, which defines employer continuations and asking employees to be more responsible within their health care decisions and cost-sharing. The Americans health care system has been changing the way their health care services are organized and delivered. As seen by the movement from traditional fee-for-service systems to managed care networks. Ranging from structured staff model HMOs to the lesser structured preferred provider organizations (PPO). Statistics show that 60 million Americans are enrolled with some type of managed care program within the response to regulatory initiatives which affect health care cost and quality. Managed care organizations are responsible for the health of their enrollees, which can be administered by a physician’s group, health system, or even a hospital. Much of the managed care financing is through a method called capitation, and the enrollees are assigned to a select primary care provider, which serves as a gatekeeper.