A Modest Proposal

1.1 Motivation And Objective
We all know that the world is facing a major threat of fast depletion of the fossil fuel reserves. Most of the present energy demand is met by fossil and nuclear power plants. A small part is met by renewable energy technologies such as the wind, solar, biomass, geothermal etc. There will soon be a time when we will face a severe fuel shortage. As per the law of conservation of energy, “Energy can neither be created, nor be destroyed, but it can only be converted from one form to another”. Most of the research now is about how to conserve the energy and how to utilize the energy in a better way. Research has also been into the development of reliable and robust systems to harness energy from non-conventional energy

Since the wind power and PV power can compensate each other to some extent during the day and night, the development of wind-PV hybrid power generation is attractive. As PV becomes more affordable, its demand will increase. With this increase, the future for grid tied PV systems will be better. PV systems can replace batteries, as its technology becomes more advance and standard for safety is increased. Grid tied PV systems are increasing in number over years. The technology is used to provide either uninterrupted Power Supply, feeding/selling the excess power to the grid or as a stand-alone PV system.
There are many applications for the PV modules and wind power. Currently wind-PV modules are used to power up water heater and to pump water to name a few applications. Some of the requirements that were brought up are over-current protection for the sources, ground-fault protection and grounding. PV and wind systems have to meet these standards before it could be connected to the grid. These standards are constantly revised. Although the standards are established, there are still some problems with integrating PV –wind source to the

Among these the induction generator variable speed induction generator wind turbine are nowadays increasingly used in large wind farm because of their ability to supply constant power and frequency. Modern control techniques such as voltage control and frequency control are studied and experimental model that studies the effects of irradiation and cell temperature on the PV modules is introduced.
Other differences can also be studied with the model. The PV modules will be connected to the grid and therefore its interaction with the grid will be studied. A DC to AC converter will be connected to PV system to convert the DC power to AC and a controller is added before it is connected to the grid. All this will be discussed in detail in the following chapters.
This report will discuss and examine the interactions of PV-wind hybrid systems with the utility system. The experimental model will simulate an ideal PV array and wind system that will generate power to the grid system. It will also study the effects of frequency deviations from the