1. Introduction: Background High Speed 2 (HS2) is a proposed high speed train between London and the west Midlands. The project was established in January 2009 by a company set up by the government to consider the construction of a high speed railway in UK. This train will be able to travel up to 400 kph by year 2020. High speed trains have been successfully introduced in countries like Germany, France and Spain (hs2, 2011). The construction of the high-speed railway would reduce journey times from London to Birmingham to 49 minutes and from London to Manchester and Leeds to 80 minutes. According to the Government, Britain’s railways are struggling to cope with the huge increase number of passengers that British railways have experienced for the last years (dft, 2011). High-speed railways need straight lines in order to maintain their speed. According to the Government, there are not viable routes for the high-speed railway between London and the West Midlands that do not cross, at some point, the Chilterns. However they assert that the train will make full use of tunnels through the Chilterns in order to minimize impacts (dft, 2011). Nevertheless, as we will see in the next section, the full use of tunnels does not mean that it would not have environmental impacts in the Chilterns. There are several aspects to classify its environmental impact on The Chilterns: Biodiversity and ecosystem, noise pollution, carbon emission and the structural landscape (wendoverhs2, 2011).The ministers must take a decision to proceed with this project, which, for the moment is highly controversial. 2. Delimitation The focus of this assessment is outlining the nature of the proposed high speed railway and its environmental impact on the C... ... middle of paper ... ...0111: About the Chilterns. Available: http://www.chilternsaonb.org/about-chilterns.html (Accessed: 28 November 2011). - The Chilterns, 20112: Chalk Streams. Available: http://www.chilternsaonb.org/about-chilterns/chalk-streams.html (Accessed: 28 November 2011). - The Chilterns, 20113: Statement of Environmental Impact on the Chilterns AONB. Available: http://www.chilternsaonb.org/uploads/files/high_speed_2/statement-of-environmental-impact-on-the-chilterns-aonb.pdf - The Chiltern Society, 2011: Concerns Arising from the Geology and Hydrology of the ground underlying the High Speed (HS2) routes through the Chilterns. Available: http://www.chilternsociety.org.uk/hs2/paper02.php (Accessed: 1 December 2011). - Wendoverhs2, 2011: High Speed Rail Briefing Number 1. Available:http://www.wendoverhs2.org/documents/WHS2_environment_090111.pdf (Accessed: 26 November 2011).
Our oceans take a large beating every day by the extremely large amount of pollution humans produce. Our society easily dumps their waste into the oceans to dispose of the excessive amount of garbage, sewage, and chemicals, but this small and simple solution is creating an even bigger problem. The way humans dispose of their wastes is causing the death of our beloved marine life. Not only are we killing off our animals, our food source, and our resources, we are also minimizing our usable water. By having a better understanding of the problem on the severe dumping, it will be easier to find ways to help minimize the pollution that is going into the ocean.
In order to detail the rise of railroads throughout this era of technological boom, it is important to understand the Industrial Revolution, which was the start of this success; it paved the way for major changes in the modern society we live in today. This is the period between the 18th and 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportatio...
The strategy behind the high-speed railway system would be to relieve highway congestion, air traffic congestion, and help reduce the necessity of expansion of highways and air systems (which is limited due to the inability to build new air space). Also, with this type of system (this system works on magnetic levitation), you would have a significant reduction in air pollution that would result as high-speed captures a large portion of the intercity travel market from automobiles and airlines.
In 1900, 4000 miles of railroads crossed over North Carolina in many directions (Trelease 32). The expansion of the railroad system did so much for Nort...
The railway did not introduce movement or transportation or wheel or road into human society, but it accelerated and enlarged the scale of previous human functions, creating totally new kinds of cities and new kinds of work and leisure. (McLuhan, 1964, p. 8)
Oxlade, John. A brief history of German railways. 31 December 2003. 14 March 2014 .
railway goes. Next, a roadbed must be build to flatten out the ground and ensuring the
The 312 hectares of land at East London has been fully utilized where the potential land that was neglected and not used for any development has form an area like the post Games usage and Olympic Park. The land that at first under used and inaccessible has been acquired and through the remediation process to transform the area not only into Olympic Park, but also wider the Stratford City site which led into a programme of activity such as the construction of affordable housing, attracting business investment and more. Arising from that, it also has led into improvement of numbers of public transport such as the Docklands Light Rail (DLR) and North London Line. This has increase the transport system capacity and accessibility of London.
Though there was over 350 miles of railway laid throughout England in 1801, there was no commercially viable railway implemented before the 1830's. Some rails were still made of wood, others iron and the first trains traveled at the pace of 3.5 miles per hour, significantly slower than the horse drawn coach which traveled at a speed of 9-10 miles per hour. According to Jack Simmons in his book, The Railway in England and Wales, 1840-1914, the Manchester-Liverpool line is notable to mention because it did three things no other railway to date had: 1) all traction was mechanical for the first time; 2) the Company carried both passengers and freight; and 3) the linkage of two commercial towns was exceptional. The concept that a man could leave his town to conduct business in another town and be back in his own home the same day was unheard of. People found this aspect of the railway very enticing. Simmons writes, "There was no doubt at the time about the...
In 2003, the Commonwealth and Queensland governments started collaborating together to enhance the water quality in the GBR. In their joint efforts, they managed to create the Reef Water Quality Protection Plan (hereafter RWQPP). Basically the plans aim was to identify factors that affected the water quality, enhance agriculture methods so that it would not end up in the reefs water, and not to mention improve the water quality in GBR. However, it was not until 2008 that the RWQPP got the proper financial support needed to execute the most crucial phases (Brodie, 2015). Brodie assumes that to be the reason why there were modest results in the cutback of the substances on the reef during the period between 2008-2013. Proper results usually take a long time to achieve and in this case also substantial funding. The plan have been updated and improved throughout the years, and new targets have been supplemented to accomplish the end goal (Brodie, 2015).
In order to build the tracks, massive areas of land had to be destroyed to put in tracks. Areas had to be cleared and dug up, which created an ugly sight for most observers. The construction of railroads caused pollution when metal parts and machines were left strewn over the European landscape. Therefore, the train is a perfect example of the innovations of the Industrial Revolution that had a beneficial impact as well as consequences.
Tout d’abord examinons la vitesse dans les transports, celle qui tue plusieurs millions de personnes par an. Cette vitesse est néfaste tout d’abord car elle cause plus de 50% des accidents meurtriers. De plus le temps gagné sur les routes est surévalué( de l’ordre de 6 min quand on roule en continu à 150 km/h au lieu de 130km/h pendant 100 kilomètres), enfin la tension et la fatigue accumulées ne valent pas les quelques minutes épargnées. Cette course à la vitesse a pu grâce à la technologie moderne profiter de moyens encore plus rapides et encore plus inhumains tel que le métro. Les gens qui prennent le métro pensent gagner du temps mais en réalité ils en perdent, car au lieu de prendre leur temps pour avoir un trajet plaisant, passer à pied dans des endroits qui leur sont agréables, seul pour se relaxer ou à plusieurs, d’une façon conviviale. Le temps du trajet même s’il est plus long ne serait pas perdu à attendre, être bousculer ou s’énerver.
Ever since 3500 BC when the first wheel was used in Mesopotamia man has strived to find better ways of transport. Since then we have slowly progressed to automobiles, trains, boats, and even airplanes, but people have always progressed. So what will be the transportation of the future? The world’s fossil fuels are dwindling. Many people are not facing what is staring them in the face. Fossil fuels will not last forever, and they are causing problems in our environments. They have made many numerous, dangerous situations that has killed many people. Scientists are trying to find renewable resources that can be used for future generations. The only problem that they will have is that this power is not exactly suitable for people’s present transportation. Even within this problem our transportation has flaws which can cause fatal accidents. So scientists are trying to come up with safer and faster modes of transportation. Maglev trains which are a very safe and efficient is a possible mode of transportation that could be used in the future.
Research from the University of California San Diego Scripps Institution of Oceanography said that species in the ocean consume a projected 12,000 to 24,000 tons of plastic every year in the Pacific Ocean (Nall, 2014). Pollution of recyclable materials in the oceans is one of the leading causes of why some marine species are nearing extinction. Many authors of articles and books analyzing this topic tend to agree that pollution of our oceans is a problem. The future of this problem is where their ideas tend to differ. The following four literature reviews attempt to demonstrate and support my belief that pollution is getting worse in the ocean and more marine life ecosystems are being affected, but there are things that we as humans can do to change this. Imagine a world where we didn’t have to constantly worry about the vicious cycle of humans affecting animals and then animals in turn affecting us through consumption.
Introduction Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) refers to a tool that assists in limiting the potential environmental damage of various developments that are undertaken in an area (Handley & Handley, 2001). Other researchers and scholars consider EIA as a key aspect of many large-scale planning applications; whereby, the EIA is used as the technique that helps developers understand the potential environmental impacts of any major development proposal (Wathern, 1988). EIA entails information gathering practices that are carried out by both the developer and other relevant bodies to enable the Local Planning Authority to appreciate the potential environmental effects of any form of development before giving directions on its commencement or stoppage (Dougherty & Hall, 1995; Wathern, 1988). Therefore, EIA can simply be described as the scientific and public consultation process that helps identify the potential impacts of any proposed project on the environment; that is, the biophysical component of the physical environment. The stages of conducting the EIA process include scoping, analysis of the impacts, finding mitigation measures and impact management, evaluation of the significance and effective implementation of the project (Wathern, 1988).