Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Effect of creatine on sports performance
Effect of creatine on sports performance
Effect of creatine on sports performance
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Effect of creatine on sports performance
The criteria for articles chosen was that each piece of research needed to involved the intake of CR, and being physically or athletically tested pre and post ingestion of CR with no other supplementation, steroid, or health related drugs involved. All research articles were double blind with placebo groups to prevent the effects of bias and placebo effects. All research was done within the previous 16 years and a balance of gender was aimed for in order to be unbiased but resources were mainly male orientated. Time period was not contained as a variety of short and long term supplementation is good to compare the different effects of sports performance over different durations of supplementation. Age of subjects in experiment weren’t specific but fell into ages between 16 and 25 beside Gualanoa (2014) article who were considerably older subjects.
Main Text
The results suggests that Cr is safe to use as not one of the article results showed a side effect (see table 1), this is hard to distinguish using the research articles found as only 3 of the 7 experiments went on for longer than a week, but the long duration experiments also concluded no side effects. The lack of experiments which involved females made it very difficult to establish if Cr can enhance female athlete’s ability. 4 of the studies involved females but only 1 of those 4, gualanoa (2014) was entirely female base, but is not as sport specific as they were all older women and were measured in terms of physical ability not athleticism. Ziegenfuss (2002) was the only experiment which involved half and half male female participation and for the other 2 experiments researched females only made 25% or less of the subject numbers. In future more athletic, female related...
... middle of paper ...
... elite performers. European Journall of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 78(3), pp. 236-240.
Renata Rebello Mendes, I. P. A. O. J. T., 2004. Effects of creatine supplementation on the performance and body. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry , Volume 15, pp. 473-478.
Rossouw, F., Krüger, P. & Rossouw, J., 2000. The Effect of Creatine Monohyrdrate loading on Maximal Intermittent Exercise and Sport-Specific Strengt in well Trained Power-Lifters. Nutrition Research, 20(4), pp. 505-514.
Vatania, D. S., Farajib, H., Sooric, R. & Mogharnasid, M., 2011. The effects of creatine supplementation on performance and hormonal response in amateur swimmers. Science & Sport, 26(4), pp. 272-277.
Ziegenfuss, T. N. et al., 2002. Effect of creatine loading on anaerobic performance and skeletal muscle volume in NCAA division I athletes. Nutrition, 18(5), p. 397–402.
Cannell JJ, Hollis BW, Sorenson MB, Taft TN, Anderson JJB. Athletic Performance and Vitamin D. Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise. 2009;41(5):1102-1110.
Most of the side effects arise from creatine drawing water into the body compartments where it has accumulated. This may not sound too serious, but If not compensated for with adequate fluid intake, other body tissues may be deprived of much needed fluids, especially during strenuous exercise. It is very important to remain well hydrated while taking creatine. Drink at least 1-2 ounces of water daily per kilogram of body weight while supplementing. An increase in body weight is the most widely accepted side effect attributed to creatine use. Gastrointestinal distress is the secondly most common side effect reported. Incidences of stomach cramps, nausea, and diarrhea are more commonly reported during use when greater amounts of creatine are consumed each day. These side effects are due to the presence of large quantities of undissolved creatine particles sticking around within the intestinal compartment. As creatine use in athletes is still relatively new, there are no known long-term effects. There is research for long term effects, but it is too recent for anything to be available.
3. Effects of resistance training and Chromioum Picolinate on body composition and skelatal muscle in older men by, Campbell WW., Joseph LJ., Davey SL., Cyr-Campbell D., Anderson RA., and Evans WJ.. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY. 86(1): 29-39,1999 January.
For many years, the world’s foremost studies of creatine and its effect on athletic performance were carried out in secrecy by communist Eastern-bloc countries. But after the fall of Communism, the training and experimental drugs used on Soviet and East German Olympic athletes was revealed. Aside from exposing the truth about illegal anabolic steroid use, there was the discovery of a "vitamin" called creatine, which was quickly introduced to the U.S. and marketed as an ergogenic, or energy-enhancing supplement.
Kuhn, C., Swartzwelder, S., and Wilson, W. Pumped: Straight Facts for Athletes about Drugs, Supplements, and Training. 2000. W.W. Norton, New York and London.
Primarily lifters and athletes take creatine to get ahead of the competition. In an article written by Nancy Ling, she mentions how in the Olympic games from 1964-1994 Soviet Union powerlifters consumed creatine to get an edge on the competition and had great success from it. ("Creatine? Is It Worth the Risk?"). Also in the article, Nancy stressed the importance of taking the correct amount of creatine because it can help prevent kidney and liver problems. On the other side, consuming creatine can be dangerous if you are prone to having seizures, blood clots, or cardiac
Creatine is produced by the body and stored in all kinds of muscles such as the heart, diaphragm, and all visible muscles. Creatine’s role is to
Creatine serves as an energy reserve in muscle cells. Muscular contraction is powered by the breakdown of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to ADP (adenosinediphosphate). When all the ATP is broken down, creatine phosphate in the muscle donates a phosphate group to ADP, and further energy reactions can occur. Creatine monohydrate is a precursor to creatine phosphate. By supplementing with CM, CP levels in muscle apparently are maximized, and more muscular work can occur, since there are greater energy reserves to use.
Scientists, researchers, and doctors have conducted many studies involving the use of anabolic steroids. These studies have been conducted on various athletes of different sexes and also involving many different sports. Comparison has also been made with athletes using anabolic steroids and those who do not use. A comparison has also been made using anabolic steroids compared to creatine.
Creatine has been used in sports throughout time. Athletes have always had a fascination with being excellent at what they do. With the banning of steroids from competitive sports and the implementation of random drug testing in most sports, most athletes are still somehow hoping to gain an edge on their competition. This edge that they are using is creatine.
Caffeine is a mild stimulant that occurs naturally in at least 63 plant species. Caffeine can be found in the leaves, stems, seeds, and roots of these various plants. Caffeine is part of the methylxanthine family. It consists of a xanthine molecule with three methyl groups attached to it. Caffeine can be found in many products like sodas, tea, and coffee, but it also occurs in several other products such as prescription medications, diuretics, and pain relievers. Caffeine’s widespread use and popularity have caused many people to view the substance as an addictive drug. Thus making caffeine the most inexpensive and readily available drug known to man. Then on the other hand there are people who view caffeine as a helpful stimulant that increases the individual’s concentration and awareness as well as many other physical traits. The important thing to remember is that caffeine’s affects vary based on the person, the amount ingested, the frequency of consumption, and individual metabolism. (http://www.pp.okstate.edu/ehs/kopykit/caffeine.html)
Abstract: Since the beginning of sports competition, athletes have always looked for some kind of an edge over their competitors. They will do whatever it takes to be one of the elite and that includes injecting supplements into their bodies to make them bigger, stronger, and faster. Steroid use is probably one of the most common drug misuses in sports competition. Athletes found that with anabolic steroids one could become a better athlete twice as fast. Not until 1975 was the drug first banned from Olympic competition because of the health risks it produced. Shortly thereafter, the rest of the sports world did not allow anabolic steroids as well. With the use of steroids no longer permitted athletes began to look for other alternatives. On the rise is two substances called creatine and androstenedione, both of which are sold over the counter. These two performance enhancers have only had minimal testing done on them, excluding the long-term effects, simply because they haven't been around long enough. Creatine and androstenedione have been said to produce results like steroids without the side effects. The truth is they do produce side effects and irregular muscle growth. By banning the use of performance enhancing drugs, just like steroids, sports competition will have a much healthier and fairer environment to participate in.
Swimming World. April 1998; 39(4): 16-17. Mujika, I. and Padilla, S. "Creatine Supplementation as an Ergogenic Aid for Sports Performance in Highly Trained Athletes: A Critical Review." International Journal of Sports Medicine. October 1997; 18(7): 491-496.
“Performance Enhancing Drugs: Know the Risks.” Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 12 Dec. 2012. Web. 19 June 2013
Innumerous scientists confirm that nutrition and dietary supplementation can deeply affect molecular and cellular processes that occur in the body during the exercise and the recovery process. This brief review analyzes the potential for performance enhancement through protein supplementation ingestion, and the importance of nutrition education for sports supplement users.