1. Discuss the pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition in which the body has the inability to produce
insulin or react normally to insulin. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is extremely
complex, as diabetes mellitus is characterized by different types but share common
symptoms and complications. Diabetes mellitus is classified in two types: Type 1 and
type 2 diabetes. Although the disease is "characterized by different etiologies" (Cohen,
2009, pg. 268), the outcome for both types is hyperglycemia. The pathophysicology of
Diabetes mellitus is related to the hormone insulin, which is secreted by the beta cells of
the pancreas. Insulin's job is maintaining glucose level in the blood, allowing the body
cells to use glucose as the main source of energy. However, for a diabetic, the insulin is
not metabolized correctly, leading the body cells and tissues to not make use of glucose
from the blood. And, as a result, causing high levels of blood glucose, or hyperglycemia.
Severe complications can occur from elevated glucose level in the bloodstream such as
eye disorders, kidney damage, or cardiovascular disease.
2.Compare and Contrast the possible causes of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.
As stated earlier, Diabetes Mellitus is classified in 2 toes. Type 1 and Type 2
diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile or insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus
(IDDM) is a chronic condition in which the body's immune system destroys beta cells in
the pancreas. Beta cells is responsible for the normal production of insulin. But when beta
cells are being attacked, no insulin is being produced, causing the glucose to remain
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(Rosdahl, 2007, pg.). With planning of meals should come exercise. The patient should
maintain regular exercise for it improves insulin and reduces blood glucose levels. With
this in mind, one must always monitor ones glucose levels to prevent a hyperglycemic
or hypoglycemic reaction.
Works Cited
Cohen, Barbera. 2009. Memmler's: The Human Body in Health and Disease. Philidelphia: Wolter Klukwer.
Diabetes Mellitus. (2008, July 22). MedicineNet.com- We Bring Doctor’s Knowledge to You. Date Retrieved: May 19, 2011. from http://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus/article.htm.
Roach, Sally. 2008. Roach's Introductory: Clinical Pharmacology. Philadelphia.: Wolter Klukwer.
Taylor, Carol; Miller, Carol; Ramone, Persela; Lynne, Pamela. 2008. Basic Fundementals of Nurising: Lipincott Williams & Wilkins. Philidelphia.: Wolter Klukwer.
Diabetes is a lifelong disease that can affect both children and adults. This disease is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. It claims about 178,000 lives each year. Type one diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, usually occurs in people less than thirty years of age, but it also may appear at any age. Diabetes is a very serious disease with many life threatening consequences, but if it is taken care of properly, diabetics can live a normal life.
The beta cells affect a person’s glucose regulations within the blood. This is because the beta cells are in charge of sending insulin arou...
According WebMD 2014. Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body's ability to use the energy found in food. There are three major types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes. It is a hormonal disorder of the pancreas either decrease in insulin level also known as hypoinsulinism or increase in insulin level also known as hyperinsulinism. Lowered amounts, insufficient of, or ineffective use of insulin leads to the disorder of diabetes mellitus. It is common chronic disease requiring lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes. According to Peakman (2012). The development of type 1 diabetes mellitus is a genetic and an autoimmune process that results in destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. There is usually a pre-diabetic phase where autoimmunity has already developed but with no clinically apparent insulin dependency. Insulin autoantibodies can be detected in genetically predisposed individuals as early as 6-12 months of age. In persons genetically susceptible to type 1 diabetes, a triggering event, possibly a viral infection the leads to production of autoantibodies that kill the beta cells and results in decline and a lack of insulin secretion. According to Wherrett. It is caused by impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance and has a gradual onset. Those with type 2 diabetes may eventually need insulin treatment. Gestational diabetes mellitus is glucose intolerance during pregnancy in a woman not previously diagnosed with diabetes, this may occur if placental hormones counteract insulin, causing insulin intolerance. Complications in diabetes mellitus includes: Hypoglycemia it is ca...
Our body obtains the energy by digesting the carbohydrates into glucose. Volumes of glucose are required by the body to create ATP. ATP is short for 'Adenosine Triphosphate ' and is an energy carrier. When we consume too many carbohydrates our body produces a lot of glucose and as a result blood glucose levels rise and sometimes they may rise over the normal range of blood glucose concentration. To bring it back within the healthy range, the homeostatic system of blood glucose regulation is used. The blood flows through the pancreas where the beta cells, receptors, detect the high blood glucose level. To counteract this stimuli beta cells alert the control centre, which are also the beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The secretion of insulin has to be done quickly but can only be carried out when insulin gene is switched on. Turning on the insulin gene switch can take 30 minutes to an hour therefore, the production of insulin by beta cells are done in advance and are packaged in vesicles right until blood glucose rises. Glucose comes into the beta cell to trigger the vesicle that contains the insulin to move towards the plasma membrane and fuse. This releases the insulin into the bloodstream where they are distributed throughout the body and only affect specific target cells. The receptor, a protein, on the target cell’s plasma membrane recognises and connects
The pancreas is composed of exocrine and endocrine tissues. The exocrine portion of the pancreas synthesizes and secretes pancreatic juices. The endocrine portion is composed of miniscule islands of cells, called the islets of Langerhans. These islets of Langerhans do not release their secretions into the pancreatic ducts. Instead, they release hormones into the blood stream, and these hormones in turn help control blood glucose levels (Function of the Pancreas). Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin, which
Diabetes is a disease in which a person’s body in unable to make or utilize insulin properly which affects blood sugar levels. Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas, which helps to regulate glucose (sugar) levels, break down carbohydrates and fats, and is essential to produce the body’s energy. The CDC (2013) offers reliable insight, summarized here, into the different types of diabetes, some causes, and health complications that may arise from the disease.
Insulin is a hormone produced by the B cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Under normal conditions, insulin is continuously released into the bloodstream in small pulsatile increments (a basal rate), with increased release (bolus) when food is ingested. The activity of released insulin lowers blood glucose and facilitates a stable, normal glucose range of approximately 70 to 120 mg/dl. The average amount of insulin secreted daily by and adult is approx. 40 to 50 U, or 0.6 U/kg of body weight.
In order for the body to maintain homeostatic levels of energy, blood glucose regulation is essential. Glucose is one of the body’s principal fuels. It is an energy-rich monosaccharide sugar that is broken down in our cells to produce adenosine triphosphate. In the small intestine, glucose is absorbed into the blood and travels to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. The hepatocytes absorb much of the glucose and convert it into glycogen, an insoluble polymer of glucose. Glycogen, which is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles, can easily be reconverted into glucose when blood-glucose levels fall. All of the body’s cells need to make energy but most can use other fuels such as lipids. Neurons; however, rely almost exclusively on glucose for their energy. This is why the maintenance of blood-glucose levels is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system.
Most common people will see that they are suffering from type 2 diabetes. Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 is not because your immune system is attacking the insulin but is because your body simply does not produce the required insulin. 90% of people who have diabetes are diagnosed with type 2 (Medical News...
Diabetes refers to a set of several different diseases. It is a serious health problem throughout the world and fourth leading cause of death by disease in the country. All types of diabetes result in too much sugar, or glucos in the blood. To understand why this happens it would helpful if we understand how the body usually works. When we eat, our body breaks down the food into simpler forms such as glucose. The glucose goes into the bloodstream, where it then travels to all the cells in your body. The cells use the glucose for energy. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps move the glucose from bloodstream to the cells. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus further explains the concept on how this disease works. Pancreas plays an important role of the metabolism of glucose by means of secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon. These hormones where then secreted by Islets of Langerhans directly to the blood. Inadequate secretion of insulin results on impaired metabolism of glucose, carbohydrates, proteins and fats which then result to hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Hyperglycemia is the most frequently observed sign of diabetes and is considered the etiologic source of diabetic complications both in the body and in the eye. On the other hand, glucagon is the hormone that opposes the act of insulin. It is secreted when blood glucose levels fall.
There are two kinds of diabetes, type 1 and type 2, which have completely different meanings.
As diabetes mellitus has 3 different forms, the following report will focus primarily on type 2 diabetes as it is the most prevalent, accounting for 85% of cases (Austalian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013).
Diabetes type 1 occur when the immune system destroys the beta cells, they are responsible to create insulin and are located
"Diagnosis of Diabetes and Pre-diabetes” - National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse." Diabetes.niddk.nih.gov, 2012. Web. 27 Feb 2014.