Cross-listing can be defined as the listing of a company’s shares in a stock exchange beyond its home country boundaries. It can also be termed as a secondary listing for firms those which are already listed in their home country. Typically, when companies grow bigger and diversify business, they opt for cross-listing to raise capital from larger and more liquid foreign markets. In 2009, nearly 3100 firms cross listed their equity on major overseas stock exchanges globally (World Federation of Exchanges, 2010, list provided in appendix) . It is not only pursued by companies from developed countries but companies from emerging countries are also actively participating. Some major global cross-listing destinations are – New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, London Stock Exchange, Tokyo Stock Exchange, Shanghai Stock Exchange, and so on. The key focus of this paper will be on examining the stock price reaction and the patterns of returns before and after listing date for a diverse sample of firms from different countries specifically in the case of London Stock Exchange (LSE). Existing literature has enough evidence that cross-listings on US exchanges are associated with considerable positive stock market reactions (Foerster and Karolyi, 1999; Miller, 1999). However, there has been limited research on the impact of cross-listing on non US exchanges. This serves as a primary motivation for my interest to explore and gain understanding on a stock’s return in its home market as result of cross-listing on LSE. The rest of this paper is structured in the following manner. Section 2 provides a literature review, while section 3 outlines the data, sample and research methodology. Section 4 presents the empirical results and its discussions. Finally, in section 5 I draw a conclusion. In this section, I present an overview of the existing literature that has been reviewed as a part of gaining an understanding on the extent of work that has already been done on the topic of cross-listing and its impact on stock returns. Moreover, literature review was also essential for understanding the statistical methodologies and approaches that I can apply in this paper for testing my hypothesis. Cross listing has been a topic of immense interest among researchers for a long time. There has been lot of developments as well as debate in the cross-listing literature on its different aspects such as motivation for companies to cross-list, whether cross-listing creates value, its impact on risk and return, its financial and economic impacts so on and so forth.
R v International Stock Exchange of the UK and the Republic of Ireland Ltd, ex p Else (1982) Ltd and others [1993] 2 CMLR 677
The research questions being proposed in this paper include but are not limited the following
In this paper, I summarize the article and identify relevant information and any changes that may have occurred since the publication of this article. I will also offer comments and aspects pertaining to material provided.
The coins made in gold, silver and bronze were traded during Roman Empire and the shortage of coins created a barrier for money circulation. However with the establishment of paper money, a sophisticated banking, global clearing system and electronic money, the global financial system evolved with a worldwide framework of legal agreements. In the Global Financial market, foreign currencies issued by the world, countries are traded by the buyers and sellers using currency exchange rates. Now a day, it is very common practices of companies in one country to raise capital in a foreign country by listing their stocks on major foreign exchanges given the growth of equity markets are becoming more globalized (SNHU, 2015).
One of the strongest arguments against cross-border listing of a stock would be that it can sometimes be very costly to meet the disclosure and listing requirements that are imposed by the foreign exchange and regulatory authorities of the country that it is being cross-border listed in. This can be seen here in the United States. Many foreign companies choose not to cross-list in the U.S. because of the SEC and the rules and regulations that are imposed on stocks listed on the NYSE. The second major argument against cross-listing a stock would be that once a company’s stock is made available to foreigners, the foreigners might acquire a controlling interest and challenge the domestic control of the company. In fact because of this fear, some governments in both developed and developing countries have imposed restrictions on the maximum percentage ownership of local firms by foreigners. Some examples would be India, Mexico and Thailand where foreigners are only allowed to own up to 49 percent of the outstanding shares of a local firm.
Some investors are wary about the process of investing internationally, carrying the concept that it is always to precarious and complex. While there are risks involved with international investing, there are also very beneficial and profitable reasons for doing so. Ev...
In theory, market capitalisation weighted indices are preferred as compared to equally weighted indices due to the fact that they are superior proxies and are consistent with the true market portfolio. Some practitioners argue that there is a perceived segmentation between the Resources, Financial and Industrial sectors on the JSE and consequently prefer to use the Financial and Industrial Index as an overall market proxy for stocks belonging to this category. Choosing the correct market index in order to regress against, is a vital aspect. Stambaugh (1982) identifies that the CAPM tests are generally insensitive to the choice of market proxy. However, many believe that the broader the selected indices, the better the market proxies. In the UK market, the two main indices used are the FT 100 which is made up of the top 100 companies and the FT All Share Index which is made up of all companies traded on the exchange.
The following introductory sections describe the problem to be investigated and the goal to be achieved. The introduction also provides an analysis of the relevance and significance of the research and a discussion of barriers and issues related to achieving the goal. In addition, the approach and resources to be used in accomplishing the goal are discussed. Finally, a brief summary is provided.
This paper will encompass the importance of the U.S stock market/stock exchange versus the Chinese stock market/ stock exchange, with a brief introduction about how each stock market/stock exchange came into existence, the importance of each stock market/stock exchange, how the U.S and Chinese manage their stock markets/stock exchange, how corporations are appointed plus the rules and regulations. This will also entail random facts about each stock market/stock exchange. Stock markets are like hitting a royal flush, if the price of your stocks goes up, you win; if it drops, you lose! The stock market, also known as the fairness market, is one in which shares are owned by companies and their shareholders. The companies that are on the stock The Chinese, Shanghai’s stock market came into existence in June 1866, followed by Hong Kong’s stock market coming into existence in 1891.
Now within the rest of this paper you will be finding a few different things getting discussed. Staring it off we will be discussing the articles that we have found to make our arguments and hypotheses. After wrapping up the literature reviews we will be discussing the hypotheses thus continuing onto our variables and indicators. Once we discuss our hypotheses we will be moving onto the research design. The research design will have our general issues, sampling, and methods.
IPO, the traditionally preferred route, is the method whereby the investors will have a right to offer their shares for sale to the public and then exit. The most evident benefits include longer-term shareholding benefits to the investor in the company and higher valuation, which is dependent on the prevailing market conditions. However, the listing of the shares of a company is subject to strict regulatory requirements and restrictions, which make the IPO a lengthy and expensive process. Despite the cumbersome process, IPO exits are seen as the primary mode of exit. Instances of IPO exits in 2013 are SAIF’s exit from JustDial and TPG’s exit from Shriram Transport Finance. Apparently, for PE investors, what made a good year for exits the great year was the strength of IPO channel in 2013. The number of IPO’s for buyouts soared 67% worldwide from 112 in 2012 to 187 in 2013.
The theory shows that share price of the firm can be expressed in terms of fundamental statements of financial position and profit or loss components (Scott, 2003). Ohlson (1995), who based his theory of valuation on the Residual Income Valuation Model (RIVM), argued that under certain conditions share price can be expressed as a weighted average of book value and earnings. This model has generated notable empirical debates on the examination of the relevance of financial statements’ variables in determining the value of
A globalizing business sector advertises viability through rivalry and the division of the work it permits individuals and economies to keep tabs on what they specialize in. It also allows people to go globally. Globalization has stretched the assets, items, administrations and markets accessible to individuals. The increasing set of reliable connections around individuals from distinctive parts of a world that happens to be separated into countries.
Modern society is dominated by multinational corporations. In the past 30 years there has been unprecedented development of transnational corporations (TNC), which is “any corporation that is registered and operates in more than one country at a time” (Transnational). Now, there are more than 63,000 TNCs, while there were only 7,000 in 1970. That is more than 900% growth in TNCs in only a few decades. Even more startling, 70% of all trade, includes at least one of these TNCs (Basic).
Stonehouse, G., Campbell, D., Hamill, J. & Purdie, T. (2004). Global and Transnational Business (2nd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.