Water Turbine: water turbine is used to convert energy from one form to another. When water falls on buckets it helps to rotate the turbine.When water falls it has kinetic energy so kinetic energy is converted into potential energy to run turbine. Turbine is connected with generator.Energy produced by the turbine is mechanical,so generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
There are two types of turbines
Impulse turbine
Reaction turbine
Impulse turbine:
In this type of turbine the velocity of water has been changed.Impulse turbine obey the Newtons second law “to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”.We convert potential energy into kinetic energy before striking on the turbine.Impulse turbine is used for high altitudes. Height should be above 300 meter before striking on the turbines blades.
Reaction Turbine:
In this turbine pressure of water changes motion of blades and turbines in forward direction.When water hits blades and rotate the turbine then water loose its power.Due to rotation of turbines power is generated with generator.Forbetter performance turbine should be dipped into water. When water moves through its wings mechanical energy is generated.Reaction turbine is also used for low and medium heads.In low head water falls from 30 meter,while in medium heads it falls from 300 meter.
Types of impulse and reaction turbines discussed below.impulse turbine types are given below.
Impulse turbines type are given below
Turgo turbine
Pelton Turbine
Cross Flow Turbine
Types ...
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...e turbine selection depends on different things; one of the most important thing is the pressure of water. The second one is to choose the type of turbine according to the available pressure, which of them (impulse or reaction turbine) to select and which of them to reject that take maximum benefit and better performance.
Some necessary calculations are given below
1 litter=1000ml
V(volume)= 1000ml d(density)= m(mass)/v(volume)
D(density)=1090 g/1000ml=1.09 g/ml
Power in stream
Thewater in stream have some power. Which can be calculated by this formula.
P=ῃ.p.g.h.q
P is power measured in watts ῃ isefficency of turbine p is water density in kg/m^3 g is acceleration due to gravity h is head in meter we can calculate power of Stream
p=0.60*1090 kg/m^3*9.81 m/s^2*0.012m^3/s*1.524 m p=117.3 watt
There is physics involved in these wind turbines as they change wind into mechanical energy and then into electricity. The energy produced depends on the volume of the air, the density, and the wind speed. The mass per unit time is the mass times the density times the wind speed or m = mass, p = density, A = area, and v = wind speed; m = pAV. Because the function of the wind turbine is to transform the wind’s kinetic energy into electricity the equation for kinetic energy is needed; KE = ½ mv2 or kinetic energy equals one half the mass times the velocity squared. Then, using substitution, the power in the wind depends on the density of the air, area swept out by rotors, and the cube of the velocity or ½ pAV3. Using Betz’ law the theoretical energy model for extracting 59% of the energy is power = 16/27(½ pAV3) .
The blades lift and rotate as the wind blow over them, which causes the rotor to spin. The brake stops the rotor. The controller starts up the turbine at wind speeds of 8 to 16 miles per hour and stops functioning at 55 miles per hour. The generator produces 60-cycle AC electricity. The high-speed shaft drives the generator while the low-speed shaft turns the low-speed shaft at 30-60 rpm. The nacelle is on top of the tower and contains the gear box, low and high speed shafts, generator, controller, and brake.The pitch turns the blades out of the wind in order to control the rotor speed. The rotor is the blades and hub placed together. The wind direction determines the way that the wind turbine is created. The wind vane measures the wind directions and deals with the yaw drive.The yaw drive makes sure the turbine faces the direction the wind is going when it changes. Lastly, the yaw motor makes sure that the yaw drive is
turbine is isolated and kept separate from the water that is taken and released to
Next, hydro-electricity is electricity produced by moving water, flowing past a turbine connected to a generator (“Hydropower”). According to Nationalgeographic.c...
The aerofoil of the blade also very significant, the shape of the aerofoil that has been used would affect the result of the wind turbine performance. The CFD analysis result, such as pressure and velocity distribution, flow streamlines and calculation results such as rotational speed, torque, power, lift and drag coefficient , effect of TSP and angle of attack can be done. Regards for the shroud reviews, found that the differences between the bare wind turbine and the augmented shroud wind turbine affect the efficiency of power production
The turbine is a part of a jet or gas engine. A jet engine consists of 4 main parts: the air intake, the compression, the combustion, and the exhaust. The intake is responsible for collection as much air as possible into the engine. Throughout the compression phase, air is compressed causing to to move at higher velocity. It is then mixed with fuel in the combustion chamber to create even more pressure. The turbine then propels this extremely hot and high pressured air out through the exhaust. The exhaust is in a funnel shape which increases the gas velocity even more [1]. The turbine is definitely the component of a jet engine that undergoes the toughest conditions which is why it is so crucial. Material Scientists are inventing new materials and techniques to create better properties to improve the quality of the turbine blade.
Steam turbine is a device used to covert thermal energy (Steam) into mechanical energy, then after converted to Electrical energy. In turbine, casing is the main component as it hoses blades, rotor, nozzles and diaphragms. Steam turbine casings operates at very high temperature and pressure which results in large stress strain distribution. If the contact pressure is not attained then it leads to leakage of steam which further can cause explosion.
“The wind turbine captures the wind’s kinetic energy in a rotor consisting of two or more blades mechanically coupled to an electrical generator” (Patel, M. R., 2006). According to wind turbines rotor layout they can be categorized into two main types Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine and Vertical Axis Turbine (Shuqin, L, 2014).
When the blade is inclined towards pressure side, it is called positive lean, whereas when the blade is inclined towards suction side, it is called negative lean. Blade lean has been utilized by turbine designers to alter the radial pressure gradient of stator and rotor flows. For simulation, the CAD model of the leaned blade is generated in Solidworks, as shown in figure 5.3.1. The model is then imported in the ANSYS where grid was built around the aerofoil and meshing was done. The meshed blade is then imported in the fluent software for its processing. The conditions specified in the Fluent are listed
In everyday life, there are things that one needs to survive. And sustainability problems arise every day. One such problem is energy loss. The world is using up a lot of energy and new ideas need to be formed to help the rest of the world and the future of the generations that are to follow, to survive. With that the problem is that people use up energy and they do not use it efficiently. Therefore scientists are needed to find ways to deal with the sustainability problem that is arising. That is where wind turbines are used to generate this energy but the actual wind-turbines are very large, loud and they kill birds, thus new designs need to be found in order to help energy usage and to bring the size and structure of the wind turbines to a smaller scale to prevent injuries to nature and the species around it.
How exactly does hydropower work, though? As it turns out, dams are the main source of harvesting energy via hydropower. There are about 80,000 dams in the United States, although not all are active producers of power. There are four main types of hydropower facilities, which all require turbines: impoundment, diversion, run-of-river, and pumped storage. Also, there are two main types of hydro turbines: impulse turbines and reaction turbines ("Hydropower…”).
A possible maintenance problem about steam turbines is that solids can be transferred from boiler and precipitate on turbine nozzles and other inner side of steam turbine. These precipitations sometimes cannot be soluble in water and lower the efficiency of turbine and power output. In order to remove such precipitations, different kinds of approaches are found such as manual removal, cracking precipitations by shutting the turbine down and leaving it to cool and to remove water soluble precipitations, steam turbine needs to be washed with water during running. In the steam power system, steam stop valve has very important role for the steam turbine life. Steam stop valve is placed ahead of the steam turbine to monitor the temperature and pressure of the steam supply. Importance of this steam stop valve is essential because if generator power load is lost, steam turbine can quickly over speed and become unusable. Maintenance cost of the steam turbines are generally below 0,01 € / kWh (C.B. Oland: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
One of the more commonly used forms of renewable energy is wind energy. Wind energy converts the kinetic energy from the blades being rotated by the wind into electricity. The wind rotates the blades, which causes an electric generator to turn, which generates electricity, which runs through power lines, and ultimately reaches your house. There are several types of wind turbine that range from a variety of horizontal to vertical axis. The smaller turbines are used for purposes such as battery charging for backup power, or the p...
Hydroelectric power seizes the buoyancy released from descending water. Two thousand years ago, Ancient Greeks utilized wooden water wheels to convert kinetic energy into mechanical energy because that’s all they had back then. However, in 1882, the first hydroelectric power plant was constructed in the United States using a fast flowing river. During that time, humans began to build dams to reserve water at the most suitable places or areas in order to best apply the power capacity. Engineering and structural changes have been increased in designing a more efficient hydroelectric power plant, but in order for that to happen they had to go through a very difficult process which can cause much conflict. (http://www.ems.psu.edu/~elsworth/courses/cause2003/finalprojects/vikingpaper.pdf)
1. Impulse Turbine:- In Impulse Turbine steam expands in fixed nozzles. The high velocity steam from nozzles does work on moving blades which causes the shaft to rotate. The essential features of impulse turbine are that all pressure drops occur at nozzles and not on blades. A simple impulse turbine is not very efficient because it does not fully use the velocity of