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eassy on human evolution
hunting in modern society
hunting in modern society
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I. Modern world, that when one is hungry, they can just easily walk to the food store or drive to the nearest Wendy’s? Now imagine waking up everyday having to hunt for your food?
II. The Tarahumara Indian tribe, in the Mexican Copper Canyon, is known to hunt in distances superseding a marathon distance in order to capture and provide food for their families. (Mcdougall,2009)
III. Audience Interest: Before the invention of hunting bows about 200,000 years ago, early humans hunt with stone tipped spears, although they will not go against toe to toe against a carnivore, so they use a technique called persistent hunting. They will follow, run down and trap a animal for many miles, forcing it into hyperthermia and only then they will use a spear to kill it. (Lieberman and Bramble,2007)
IV. Credibility/Topic Importance: An animal will have a hard time galloping after a short distance due to the inability to cool their core body temperature fast enough to avoid hyperthermia. (Lieberman and Bramble,2007)
V. Thesis: Survivability is favorable to those who are able to adapt to their environment, humans have used their ability to maneuver and survive better than there any other mammals.
VI. Preview of main points:
A. First, I will explain the origins human hunting and foraging techniques
B. Second, I will explain how human are able to surpass the limit and physiological toll on the body during a long distance run.
C. Third, I will be describing the benefits of running and the proper techniques.
Transition: Imagine being hungry but you don’t have any food in your fridge the only option is to look for food with a spear in hand you see a deer in the distant.
BODY
I. The ability for humans to run and hunt is amazing feat of huma...
... middle of paper ...
...y Article/Leiberman.
Lieberman, Daniel E., and Dennis M. Bramble. 2007. The evolution of marathon running capabilities in humans. Sports Medicine 37(4-5): 288- 290
Christopher McDougall. (2009). Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Super athletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen. Published Book
Louis Liebenberg (2006) Persistence Hunting by Modern Hunter-
Gatherers, Current Anthropology Volume 47, Number 6
Dr. Nicholas Romanov. Pose Method of Running. 2001. Published Book. p56-58
Newtons’s 2nd Law, Law of Motion
Su Byron.Sarasota Magazine. 2007.Vol. 29 Issue 6. p183
Daniel E. Lieberman, Madhusudhan Venkadesan, William A. Werbel, Adam I. Daoud1, Susan Andréa, Irene S. Davis5, Robert Ojiambo Mang’Eni, Yannis Pitsiladis6. Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habituallybarefoot versus shod runners.2010. Nature Journal. Vol 463 . p531-534
Scibek, J. S., Gatti, J. M., & Mckenzie, J. I. (2012). Into the Red Zone. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(4), 428-434.
Sparrey, Kathleen Raske. “Development of Elite Hurdlers: Assesment of the Individual Athlete From: Identifying and Training Elite Hurdlers in the United States.” October 29, 2003 http://www.coachr.org/shrthrd.htm.
Recorded videos were used to analyze the movement patterns of the runners. The participants were an elite (male) and a novice runner (female). The elite runner used a standard track field while the novice used a treadmill in a standard gym. The result showed that the elite runner had a longer stride than the non-expert due to his long legs. The novice runner required less force to move her body than the elite runner. The expert had longer stride resulting in longer step length which made him move faster than the novice. As the feet of both participants touched the ground the expert had a higher ground reaction force than the non-expert. The elite had a higher cadence than the non-elite because his legs moved faster. During stance phase, they both have one foot on the ground and as their foot first hit the ground they both slow down. However, the novice was slower because the elite had a faster speed making him spend less time in the
Overuse injuries are common in runners new to barefoot running that, even Daniel Lieberman, Ph.D., the evolutionary biologist from Harvard who helped propagate barefoot running, advised that "Running is a complex skill that you can't learn how to do just by taking off your shoes."
Kenya is located in East Africa and is dominated by the Great Rift Valley. A rift valley developed from faulting caused by tension in the earth’s crust. The sides of the valley are usually steep and can be up to 2,000 meters high. The Great Rift Valley gives Kenya areas of great elevation. This elevation equals thinning of the air as you get to higher and higher altitudes, which makes it more difficult to breath, especially when running. This altitude plus the equatorial latitudes creates and ideal climate for sustained outdoor activity – comfortably warm days, cool nights, low humidity. That with the altitude’s aerobic benefits, show how Kenya’s highlands are ideal for distance running. It should also be noted that every one of the country’s world-class runners is a highlander.
Endurance running is a rewarding experience that puts to test an athlete’s courage, perseverance and determination. It is a marvelous wonder how the human body, with the proper conditioning and mental focus, could achieve such tasking running distance. Elite runners complete the marathon course in just over 2 hours, while the average runner completes it in about 4.5 hours. It’s difficult to comprehend how someone could run, consistently, for 4.5 hours.The actual marathon is simply a formality as the journey starts the day training begins. The outcome, the day of the marathon, is dependent on how successful the training program was executed. Long distance runners are the biggest advocates of the sport, always convincing others to jump on the training wagon. However, some runners, while they refuse to admit it, ponder if the effects of long distance running could be doing more damage than good. It is true that long distance running is potentially dangerous to the heart; however, research suggests that physician examination, as well as proper mechanics and posture during the training phase would ensure an enjoyable journey towards reaching an endurance goal injury free and would even benefit the heart in the long run.
Bipedalism is a unique attribute of hominids and is pivotal in human evolution. There exist several Hypotheses of Bipedalism. Four hypotheses that are explored are Locomotion Efficiency (Long Distance Travel), Thermoregulation (Cooling), Freeing the Hands, and Visual Surveillance. A summary of each hypotheses’ main points and applied relevancy of each, postulating the locomotion theory as the best of the four hypothesizes.
Bipedalism had many advantages, but it also had many disadvantages and provided dangers to early hominids. Some of these disadvantages included i...
Survival was hard and basic survival techniques limited in an ever changing and unpredictable climate. The general practice was to hunt and find whatever it was you could eat. Hunting megafauna animals was the most practiced means by groups that were able to survive. To hunt these large animals, they had to develop ways to take them down, such as spears and javelins. Archeologists have found 380,000 year old wooden javelins in the Nordic Stone Age area. These javelins are the oldest complete hunting weapons ever found anywhere in the world and they were discovered in Schoningen, Germany.i
Running may have a heavier toll on the body than any other sport, literally. With each stride, force of two to three times the bodies weight is hammered on the joint, muscles, and tendons.
Birds and smaller animals were frequently hunted with balls of clay or lead. People usually did not use arrows because the arrow would most likely pass through their bodies and they could have easily escaped the hunter. Long bows have stayed plain through its life. Crossbows became more common in the fifteenth century. ("Crossbows")
Human Evolution. (2009). In R. Robinson (Ed.), Biology. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved from http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow
McKenzie, D. C. (2012). Respiratory physiology: Adaptations to high-level exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(6), 381. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090824
From the frozen tundra of the arctic north to the arid deserts of sub-Saharan Africa – humans not only survive, but even thrive in some of the most extreme and remote environments on the planet. This is a testament to the remarkable capacity for adaptation possessed by our species. Each habitat places different stressors on human populations, and they must adapt in order to mitigate them. That is, adaptation is the process by which man and other organisms become better suited to their environments. These adaptations include not only physical changes like the larger lung capacities observed in high altitude natives but also cultural and behavioral adjustments such as traditional Inuit clothing styles, which very effectively retain heat but discourage deadly hyperthermia-inducing sweat in Arctic climates. Indeed, it seems this later mechanism of adaptation is often much more responsible for allowing humans to populate such a wide variety of habitats, spanning all seven continents, rather than biological mechanisms. Of course, not all adaptations are entirely beneficial, and in fact may be maladaptive, particularly behavior adaptations and highly specialized physical adaptations in periods of environmental change. Because people rely heavily on social learning, maladaptaptive behaviors such as sedentarization and over-eating – both contributing to obesity – are easily transmitted from person to person and culture to culture, as seen in the Inuit’s adoption of American cultural elements.
With adrenaline pumping through my veins I descend from my concealed position high up in an ancient oak. The adrenaline does not last long though because now I have time sensitive work to complete. First, I draw out my knife, a gift from my grandpa when I started hunting, and make a slit along the stomach of my prey. From this incision steam billows out and hits me in the face almost making me sick. I work on and accomplish the gruesome task at hand. After about twenty minutes of hard work the ground all around me runs red and I know this part of my job has reached a conclusion. Time has come to carry the colossal eighteen point granddaddy of a buck to my old beat up blue F250 truck. This task is nearly impossible and takes a great deal of effort even though the trip is only fifty yards. Once I get the deer home I again feel a great sense of pride. This high should last me until I have to complete the gruesome task of butchering my animal in a few days once the meat sets.