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socials construction of health
socials construction of health
socials construction of health
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The concept of social capital has been used to represent the extent of social cohesion that is found in communities and it entails the processes between individuals or groups, which create networks, social trust and customs, and necessitate co-operation and co-ordination for mutual gain. Social capital is a significant determinant of health in older people and has been the focus on the ageing population in policymaking. Healthy ageing strategies are nowadays essential during public policy formulations, because the subject has become a main concern for economic sustainability and public health. Health policy makers can exploit the social capital benefits and include an assessment of the living conditions of elderly patients in the community into routine clinical care and assessment.
The major difference between Coleman’s and Bourdieu’s explanations lies in why and how social processes build up. According to the definition given by Bourdieu, it can be argued that social processes are controlled by the fundamental economic organizations, whereas Coleman’s definition claims social processes are formed by the people’s free will. Bourdieu (1985) argues that the existence of profit is the reason behind the solidarity making group existence feasible in the first place. Consequently, he argues that the creation of social capital is underlined by the structural economic organization. However, according to Coleman (1988), social capital is formed by purposeful and rational individuals who create it with the sole purpose of making the most of their individual opportunities. Consequently, he sees the concept of social capital as a type of contract, which is normally made between people unrestrained by the fundamental economic factors. In this ...
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... capital in detail and demonstrate how the concept has been applied in health and social policy and various programs relating to the elderly population.
Works Cited
Bourdieu, P. (1985). “Chapter 9: The forms of capital.” In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. West Port, CT: Greenwood Press.
Cannuscio, C., Block, J., & Kawachi, I. (2003). Social capital and successful aging: The role of senior housing. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139(2), 395-399.
Coleman, J. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94 (Supplement), s95-s120.
Dasgupta, P., & Serageldin, I. (2001). Social capital: a multifaceted perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
Graczyk, J. (2002). Social capital and social wellbeing (Discussion Paper). Australian Bureau of Statistics.
in business it need to be consider the most effective form. Capital is one of the factors to
Pinquart, Martin, and Silvia Sörensen. "Influences Of Socioeconomic Status, Social Network, And Competence On Subjective Well-being In Later Life: A Meta-analysis.." Psychology and Aging 15.2 (2000): 187-224. American Psychological Association. Web. 8 Apr. 2014.
Webber, M. (1947) The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Simon and Schuster. Translation and recopyright in 1975 by Talcott Parsons.
There are many environmental influences as well as human behaviors that contribute to one’s expected life span. Health and lifestyle are two major factors that play a role in determining what life would be like during the senior years of life. There are many advantages to having a strong social support network that consists of caregivers paid and unpaid. Seniors with this tend to live longer, remain independent and stay active in their later years. Citizens in today’s society are living longer due to technology, medications and an overall healthier lifestyle. Many reach the age of 100 but the maximum human life span is 120 years old. One’s personal data, career choices, environmental influences and amount of active interactions will determine how those of the older population will experience the aging process.
Atchley, R. C. (1997). Social forces and aging: An introduction to social gerontology (8th ed.).
Social capital is defined as the “features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit” (Putnam, 9), which supposedly creates positive effects for the society. If the social networks in the society are strengthen, the bonds maximize their security since there are strong connections, including family bonds, neighborhood bonds, and friends that could help each other in term of employment search, housing, education. On the other hand, social isolation may also be caused by the development of telecommunication and transportations. This creates an obstacles to create a consistent face-to-face network. In their articles,
A Comparison of Theories of Social Capital by Pierre Bourdieu and James Coleman Social capital is a sociological theory which has gained increasing attention in recent years. Whilst Bourdieu can be credited with introducing the term to sociology, it was James Coleman who allowed the concept to gain widespread recognition, highlighting its importance as an individual notion. For Bourdieu social capital forms a part of an overarching theory of ‘fields’, ‘capital’ and their relation to class reproduction. The key importance of social capital for Bourdieu is its relationship with economic capital, whilst for Coleman, social capital is seen to lead to human capital. It seems that both Bourdieu and Coleman agree that social capital represents social ties or membership of particular communities that make resources, advantages and opportunities available to individuals.
Social integration and participation of seniors in society are important indicators of healthy aging. However, seniors are always at risk of being socially isolated. Many factors can cause social isolation and among them population aging that resulted more seniors to live longer is one of the most important factors.
Hooyman, N. R., & Kiyak, H. A. (2011). Social gerontology: A multidisciplinary perspective (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
When one thinks of social organization one would not assume capitalism would fall into that category. Nevertheless, for both Adam Smith and Max Weber capitalism is not just an economic system and has not only primary hallmarks; but, also threats that could break down the social organization. Max Weber explains in The Protestant Ethic that “A capitalistic economy is one which rests on the expectation of profit by the utilization of opportunities for exchange”. While Adam Smith does not directly address the definition of capitalism, he does discuss the wealth of a country and the “mercantile system”. These elucidations illustrate the pure economic system of capitalism; though, the forms of social organization brought from capitalism are also
Milberg, Wand Heilbroner, R.L (2009). The Making of Economic Society. 12th ed. US: Pearson International Edition . 54-62
Hooyman, N., & Kiyak, H. A. (2011). Social gerontology: A multidisciplinary perspective (9th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. (Original work published 2005)
Myers, S.C. 2001, "Capital Structure", The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 81-102.
In 1969, Travis Hirschi developed what is known as Social Bond Theory. Hirschi built on the work of other social control theorists and was able to provide a better picture of what social bond is. In Social Bond Theory there are four basic elements that make up social bonds. They are attachment, involvement, commitment, and belief. It is these four bonds that all humans hold and ultimately determine conformity or deviant behavior(Agnew, 1985).
(Nguyen, Sarkari, Macneil, Cowan, & Rankin, 2013). The main cause and outcome of social exclusion is poverty and has been known to cause numerous complications in relation to mental and physical wellbeing. There are four factors that have been found to lead to social exclusion these are societal discrimination, little opportunities to actively participate in society, the social exclusion of goods/needs, and the lack of financial resources to maintain their lifestyle (Nguyen et al., 2013). Social exclusion can perpetuate a tragic cycle where poverty comes from social exclusion and social exclusion leads to poverty. Which can mean that older adults can be more likely to live with multiple chronic illness, malnutrition, have high-stress levels, and experience multiple moments of loneliness, depression and anxiety (Nguyen et al., 2013). Fostering versatility and avoiding dependency roles can help the young-old to the old-old maintain their dependence and avoid social exclusion (Minett,