Bone Density Scan
Introduction
Bone density generally refers to the strength of a bone and its ability to bear weight. Doing a bone density scan therefore measures a bone’s strength, its ability to bear weight, and its risk of fracture. The most common and accurate way to measure bone density is to use a Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. (Medlineplus, 2014). Before the use of DEXA was introduced, osteoporosis could be determined only when a patient broke a bone, and by then, the bone may have become very weak. With a bone density scan however, it can be determined if a patient is at risk of bone fracture, or at risk of osteoporosis. The bone density scan is done with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) equipment. The DEXA technology became available for clinical use in 1987, but before then, there were the Single Photon Absorptiometry (SPA), and Dual Photon Absorptiometry (DPA), both of which are no longer in use. (Dasher, Newton, & Lenchik, 2010). The bone density scan is usually done on the following patients:
• Post menopausal women not taking estrogen.
• Patients with personal or maternal history of hip fracture or smoking.
• Post menopausal women who are tall (over 5ft 7inches), or thin (less than 125lbs).
• Men with clinical conditions associated with bone loss.
(Radiologyinfo.org, 2013).
The DXA Scanner
Driver, (2013), described the DEXA scanner as a machine that produces two x-ray beams of high and low energy levels. Much like fluoroscopy, the x-ray from the DEXA scanner comes from underneath the patient, and the scanner has a very low x-ray dose. Earlier versions of the DEXA scanner emitted radiation which required up to five minutes to scan an area of interest, but the more advanced machines can take as ...
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Osteopenia refers to having bone mineral density that is below normal levels but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) needs to be tested in woman over 60 to check for the early onset of osteoporosis. A BMD test is used to take these measurements and the most accurate test is called a DEXA procedure. According the WebMD Osteoporosis Health Center, Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) tests measure the bones mineral density with X-ray beams
But after the early stage, your bones may become weak. These signs include: back pain, shortness of breath, shrinkage in height and bad, irregular posture. Many people don’t start showing signs until they have broken a bone, such as a wrist bone or a hip bone. There are two different types of Osteoporosis. There is Juvenile Osteoporosis (which is very rare), it occurs in children that is due to medication or medical conditions. Premenopausal Osteoporosis which happens to older women before menopause. There are three different ways to check for Osteoporosis. The first one is a painless bone density scan called a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Stang, 2016). The second one is a digital x-ray radiogrammetry (DXR), it is like the DXA but uses less technology. And the last one is ultrasounds. Ultrasound scans are also used to screen for osteoporosis but it is not able to get a good reading like the others, so this method isn’t used as often. If you break a bone the doctor will try these types of x-ray to see if it was caused by
Zhang, Y. B., Harwood, J., Williams, A., Ylänne-McEwen, V., Wadleigh, P. M., & Thimm, C.
Obesity is a health problem which is growing very rapidly all over the world. Current health articles such as this one, are emphasizing the importance of diet and exercise, to keep a healthy body weight, and to avoid obesity and its consequences at all costs. It is extremely important to make sure one is maintaining a good body weight in order to avoid other complications later on in life.
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The overall aim of this quality improvement is to provide an improved assessment for defining if individuals are truly overweight or obese though utilising BMI measurements alongside BIA measurements. For those individuals who are border lining the outlines of the BMI cut off for assisted reproduction ranges from 29.1 to 30 kg/m2, to identify if the individual is carrying excess body fat or if the individual carry’s extra lean mass or excess bone density. Which in some cases these individuals could be refused treatment due to the assumptions
Obesity is a global problem (Tremolieres 1973; WHO 2000) (6). It increases numerous health risks including coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke (WHO 2000) (7) and is a major risk factor for musculoskeletal pain (Nantel, Mathieu and Prince, 2011) (8) and osteoarthritis of weight bearing joints (WHO 2000; Felson et al, 2000) (9). Obesity rates are growing high every year and in the last 15 years twofold increase is recorded (10). Obesity is categorised on body mass index (BMI). Body mass index is used to measure obesity and is calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by the square of their height (in metres). Overweight is taken as BMI of 25 to 29.9kg/m2 and BMI...
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The first component of the MUST involves measuring the patient’s height and weight to establish their Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is the’ relationship b...
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States: more than 20% of adults are clinically obese as defined by a body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or higher, and an additional 30% are ov...
There are different ways to determine your body composition and the risks that they involve. In this lab, body measurements are taken to find the body percent fat, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index (BMI), and basal metabolic rate (BMR). Skin folds for the chest, abdomen, and thigh were taken for males, and triceps, iliac crest, and thigh for females. Age, height, and weight for each person were recorded as well as the waist and hip circumference.
Anthropometric measurements are mainly concerned with assessing a person’s body composition in order to determine their nutrition status. In terms of composition, it assesses the density, fat, subcutaneous fat and the relative muscle mass. Such components provide valuable insights on an individual’s nutrition status, which is influenced by various factors including the quantity and quality of food intake, and a person’s physical health. As such, two extreme variations occur, ranging from malnutrition to obesity. In this context, anthropometric measurements provide tacit evidence of either under or over nutrition.