More handpicked essays just for you.
Learning and behaviour theories of personality
Learning and behaviour theories of personality
Introduction of personality traits
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Learning and behaviour theories of personality
The therapist must anticipate that Shelia will experience transference this can be used as a tool to help the client develop further awareness of why she behaves the way she does. “This analysis of the transference helps the client to achieve deeper insight into his or her past experiences and how they may still be affecting and influencing present relationships and experiences,” (Tan, 2011, p.49). However, the therapist should anticipate that the transference can cause a negative response since her father was distant and not involved in the family. Especially, that father’s are traditionally viewed as the protector and Shelia was not shielded by her father from her uncle. Hence, the therapists ought to be aware of his non-verbal’s and
The Bowen approach to therapy is very different to that of other family therapies. It is centralized around the importance of family emotional systems and the history of the system, which can be traced through the family dynamics of the parents and grandparent’s families (Sharf, 2012). One of the main aims of Bowen therapy is to reduce anxiety or stress by minimizing conflict, which can be a result of conflicting relations within the family system (Ticho, 1972, Rivett and Street 2009). This essay is going to examine how Bowen hopes to achieve these goals through a critical examination of his account of change during the process of therapy. This will be done through an examination of the role of the therapist in the change, Bowen’s wider concepts and within these the operationalization of specific techniques. It will also examine Bowen’s attention to culture, suggesting that within the emotional system the role of culture is given less significance (Friedman 1991). The essay will then illustrate the effectiveness of the Bowen approach in producing change in a client; this will be done through a literary review of the research.
After reviewing the Sanchez Family case study, I have chosen to review Emilia Sanchez with Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial development, Operant Conditioning, and Social Learning Theory. In her case study, Emilia is described as being the oldest daughter in the Sanchez family, she helped her mother a great deal with housework and with helping care for the younger children and was a good quiet child who never gave her parents any problem, however at the age of 14, things changed, and she got involved in drugs. Now at 28, she has lost custody of her son due to her problems with drugs, and she is estranged from her parents due to having an abortion shortly after her son was born because her parents have very strong religious beliefs and they
Object Relations Therapy is a psychodynamic theory that focuses on internal objects. This internal object is an emotional structure that is being formed when from an individual’s experience with their caretakers in earlier life. For example, their mother, father, extended family or community. Later in life, the individual’s personality tends to bare the trace of the earlier relationship. The internal object becomes an integral part of the individual. Moreover, the integral object also tends to be expressed in the form of interaction they have with others in their present life (Stiefel, Harris & Rohan, 1998). In a nut-shell, object relations therapy studies the individual’s relationships among people and how one’s early-life interpersonal relationships are brought forward from the past to the present through their behavior. Moreover, it also states that our lifelong relationship skills are strongly rooted in our early attachments with our parents, especially our mothers. There are four various categories under object relations ...
Ana’s relationship with her main caregiver, mom, was seen as a main concern. The development of a secure relationship between child and caregiver is universal across various cultures (Santiseban et al, 2012). Attachment is important not only in terms of those characteristics that are internalized by the child that shape personality, but also in terms of the quality of support and connection that will be evident in the family over the person’s lifetime. Family therapists work to interpret the interpersonal interactions between two different individuals’ internalized working attachment models. EFFT works to address the attachment concerns present in the Santos
Freud’s psychoanalysis can be viewed as insensitive towards other cultures in today’s world. The Oedipal and Electra complexes are vulnerable in situations of a single caretaker, multiple caretakers or in a situation of role reversal within the parents. A client’s language could also be a factor to take into consideration, misinterpretations, transferences and a variety of resistance issues could occur when there is a barrier in communication due to language.
“Exiles are the highly vulnerable, sensitive parts of us that were most hurt by emotional injuries in the past.” Thereby, people attempt to disconnect from these painful emotions and memories in order to never experience them again. This leads to other inner entities becoming managers of those emotions. For example, a child that was abused by a family member in the middle of the night in their bedroom may as an adult be taken back to their sense of fear when their partner mistakenly awakens them in the middle of the night. Their managers would be activated to control the environment and suppress their feelings. However, “When the managers fail to control the exiled emotions, extreme behaviors emerge, such as addictions, binges, rages and anger, and Schwartz refers to them as firefighters.” This is where a conflict between married couples can emerge requiring intervention. The husband has no idea what his wife is feeling in that moment and believes her reaction or requirements are unrealistic. Yet through IFS therapy, the care seekers can come to acknowledge the real emotion at hand and as Schwarts says, “They stop berating themselves and instead, get to know, rather than try to eliminate, the extreme inner voices or emotions that have plagued them.” By addressing these emotions, clients can learn to lead themselves and see their
Murdock (2013) identifies “free association” as being the best option for a successful therapeutic relationship (Murdock, 2013). Through the use of free association, the therapist encourages Ana to say what comes to mind regardless of the positive or negative emotions as means to open the mind to the unconscious. Strean (1944) identifies that all patients “respond to interventions in terms of transference” (Strean, 1944). With the key role transference plays in the therapeutic process it is important that Ana openly communicates and express her feelings. In doing so, it allows the therapist to interpret similar feeling and root causes. In psychoanalytic theory application, insight provides a look into the emotional and logical thought process (Strean, 1944). The goal through insight is to uncover how Ana’s depression and worries were formed, how they affect her and provide her with the opportunity to deal with these
For example, in the Casebook, the therapist is not exploring why Ruth left her church or why she does not have a great relationship with her parents but he wants her to explore her future and her present. Exploring how it is this going to affect her marriage and her relationship with her children. In addition, exploring how she is dealing with this situation at hand. If the therapist were to use psychotherapy then he would address Ruth’s childhood experiences. Rogers’ thought it was unnecessary to explore the unconsciousness unlike Freud. If Wilma wanted to explore her past, I would be open to it but would not press the matter. Alternative, I would praise Wilma for living and empathize for her struggle for the last 18 years. As her counselor I might say, “Wilma it must be a struggle every day and I cannot imagine what you have gone through but every day you go through your day you make me feel like you are one step closer to helping yourself”. A follow-up comment I might say, “Wilma you show great strength in yourself by going on with life
The second stage in the psychodynamic therapy process is, the transference stage. In this stage the development of treatment is set and now it is the patient’s time to let their feelings out. The patient expresses those feelings, emotions, fears, and desires to the therapist without having to worry about censorship. The feelings and behavior of the patient become more pronounced and become a vital part of the treatment itself. During this stage the therapist could experience and better understand of the patient’s past and how it impacted their behavior in the
Moving forward, the concept of boundaries is equally important in therapy according to Minuchin. Boundaries in structural therapy outline transactions between members of a system to the oversight of others in the family system. As a therapist the concepts of functional organization within the family must have rules of engagement between the parental, the siblings, the family unit as a whole, and the individual. For instance, after the first session with Sarah, the therapist would include both parents in the second session to actively observe the family as a system. Paying attention to differentiation and enmeshment during their interaction. The concept of boundaries is a useful family diagnostic that illustrates dysfunction: a subsystem that is overly close or where the family is too distant from one another. The therapist also needs to address the brother’s death, only if the family injects the issue within the discussion.
The client stated that she came to therapy because she has been feeling really lonely and feeling as though that she is not enough since the death of her father. After the death of her father, her mother did not pay her any attention; she understood that her mother was grieving, especially when her grandfather passed a year later. I stated that the frequent death that surrounded her mother, seem to have caused her mother to distance herself from her. She responded “yes, and it even gotten worse when my mom started to date and eventually marry my stepfather”. She mentioned that once her little sister was born, she became jealous and envious. I emphasized with her by stating that she must have felt as though her little sister was going to take the attention that she sought from her mother. After confirming that her mother paid more attention to her sister and stepfather, she mentioned that during this time she began to cut herself in places that no one would notice. The pain did not take the feeling away, but she wanted to know that if she could still feel pain after the thought of losing everything. However, the only person who paid her any attention during this time, was her grandmother. Her grandmother showed her the love that her mother nor “father figure” never showed her. I stated, “the love that your grandmother showed was not the love you were
Becoming aware of this behavior and thought has shed light on what is important and appropriate for Alike livelihood. Her purpose of seeking therapy is to help her in the process of healing and reframing the idea of leaving school and rebuilding a social life. From a psychoanalytical perspective which dictates behavior determined by your past experiences explains the unconscious state of mine that people are unaware of. Murran, (2007) contemporary psychoanalytic concepts resonated most because of the process of organizing our thoughts. The first concept, of self explaining ways of organizing thoughts in different way to empathize with people different circumstances. Second concept is the binaries (perpetrator-victim) and the therapeutic stance in which the clinicians attempts to maintain attunement between the client and therapist experience. The third concept, suggest the involvement of enactments which transpire in the event of a client and therapist react and previous behavior or pattern that is unaware or not realize are perceived as crucial intersubjective and interpersonal structures that change is likely to occur. In regard to Alike my social identities influenced my countertransference reaction which could have easily guided this therapy in an unproductive manner taking into consideration of my reactions made me aware of the true purpose of Alike seeking psychotherapy. In our dialogue during our sessions I attempt to not focus on my needs, but rather the needs of my
Gestalt therapy is an existential and phenomenological approach that basis it's principles on the "here and now" state of mind. It has the belief that humans are able and have the desire to form their own solutions to conflicts they experience, as well as being able to learn and grow from them along the way. During the use of Gestalt therapy, past experiences are not looked at, but more so the focus is on what is being said and done at the moment. The primary focus is on the process of helping the client develop techniques to help them learn how to process what's taking place in the present moment whether its in the therapeutic relationship or what's happening in their life at that moment. Applying this type of therapy to the case study presented
With my first client, I was able to relate this process during our first session. On her intake form, she indicated she was having problems with grief and family ties. As soon as we met, she started complaining about how her family treated her. She feels that no one cares for her and do not consider her feelings about the loss of her son that passed away 4 years ago. As she continued to explain how awful her family (sisters, daughter) communicate/treat with her, she feels like moving away to a different state. Although I tried affirming her pain
Freud’s more well-known followers included his own daughter, who stayed fairly true to her father’s conventions, as well as Jung, Adler, and others, who imposed their own ideas upon Freud’s initial constructs, thus departing from his work. Nevertheless, much of Freud’s work has influenced other branches of therapy, including cognitive therapies that involve redefining unpleasant issues from the past to help conquer emotional problems.