I. INTRODUCTION
Martensitic stainless steels have good mechanical strength and moderate corrosion resistant. Because of their excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical strength, martensitic stainless steels are used for manufacturing the steam turbine blades, heat exchangers, automotive components and structures, petrochemical & process piping. Properties of martensitic stainless steel can be changed by the heat treatment. Increasing productivity of any welding process while maintaining or even improving the weld quality has been the task of researchers in the field of development of welding processes. Over the years welding methods and techniques have developed to great extent [3]. Now it is feasible to weld starting from thin metal sheets of fraction of mm to very thick plates of virtually any thickness. The quality of welding is not restricted only to work done by the welder but depends on many other factors, viz. welding technique and its parameters, welding equipment shielding medium, working environment, etc.
The heat input rate is one of the most important variables in fusion welding, since it governs heating rates, cooling rates and weld pool size. In the welding of steel, this is important relationship since increased cooling rates increase the risk of hydrogen-induced cracking. The other metallurgical feature that is directly affected by the heat input rate is grain size in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and in the weld metal. In steel welding it is necessary to seek a heat input rate that gives the optimum combination of grain size and cooling rate [11]. Before the actual welding is done, all the earlier steps such as layout, plate edge preparation, fit up and alignment should be well planned with regard to achieving...
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...sed upon the present research work the following conclusions could be drawn:
• The weld joint made using the low heat input possessed the maximum ultimate tensile strength (791.56 MPa).
• It is investigated that in the present experiment work, maximum UTS increased by 38.11 MPa for the joints fabricated with low heat input and subjected to post weld heat treatment.
• Percentage elongation (ductility) of the joint decreased due to the post weld heat treatment.
• From the results of the Charpy V-notch impact test, it is found that the maximum CVN value in as welded condition of low heat input combination is 115 Joule, and it is increased with the post weld heat treatment.
• Comparing the joints welded with two different heat inputs, concluded that the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and impact toughness of the welded joints decreases with increases the heat input.
For the other material ASTM A216 Gr WCB same pressure of 16 Mpa is applied and the stress developed is approximately as similar to the connecting rod made with material of cast iron. Figure no. 9 indicates the maximum and minimum stress developed in connecting rod at small & big end. The equivalent stress maximum and minimum values are 71.347 MPa and 4.4955e-5 MPa respectively.
Friction stir welding is a solid state welding process; this remarkable up-gradation of friction welding was invented in 1991 in The Welding Institute [1]. Figure 1 shows the schematic representation of the Friction Stir Welding process. The process starts with clamping the plates to be welded to a backing plate, so that the plates do not fly away during the welding process. A rotating wear resistant tool is plunged on the interface between the plates to a predetermined depth and moved forward in the interface between the plates to form the weld. The external tool has a probe and shoulder which stirs the material to be joined and forges the surface. FSW comes together with forging and extrusion processes. The probe and shoulder extrudes the material by stirring and the shoulder alone forges the material surface to be joined.
Welding is a very important job in today’s society. With new building designs, and bridges to every day metal products, welders are needed to do these tasks. Almost everything that you use every day has some sort of weld to it.
Even though welding has been around for a long time, most of the best inventors were around during the 19th century and have changed the way thing are done today. During the 20th century, many technological advancements developed and have made welding easier because of the different types of welding that have been developed. Welding impacted the world during World War l, because during the war armaments that were going to be utilized were ordered in tremendous amounts. Therefore, welding has been around since the Iron Age and has let people build strong steel and powerful armament such as Weapons, tanks, and planes. Finally, welding has had many advancements, and will continue to do so in the future, because the world needs
The element diffusion from the tool through the tool-chip interface leads to composition change of tool substrate, which may increase the possibility of mechanical damage of the cutting edge also the high strength of titanium at elevated temperature contributes to the high compressive stresses ...
Welders can use hand held welders or even robotic welders to produce welds. Both equally requiring a incredible amount of knowledge. They can also fill holes, produce structures and build custom parts for automotive race shops. Welders often work fulltime on shipyards, oil rigs, and pipelines or anywhere else where a specific job is needed. Welders are often required to interpret blueprints or sketches and weld accordingly to fulfill job duties. Arc welding is the most common type of welding today and is what most welders use. (bls) There are over 100 different welding processes that a welder can learn how to use however, Stick, Tig and Mig are the 3 most common used in the industry. These are used most to maintain equipment
The study concludes the steps to perform the test and tables the result of weld quality and quantifies a technique to determine weld strength of the fusion zone.
Arc welding is one several fusion processes for joining metals. In Arc welding, the intense heat need to melt metal is produced by an electric arc. Arc welders fabricate and assemble metal structures and equipment through the use of welders, cutters, shapers and measuring tools. Welders produce metal products according to customer or employer specifications. ...
There is different types of rods and different types of ways to weld. You need a lot of training for it. There are many schools and colleges you can go to receive welding education. The most common welding processes are Gas Metal Arc Welding, Flux Core Arc Welding, Gas Tungsten Arc Welding and Shielded Metal Arc Welding. The easiest of these is the Gas Metal Arc Welding. Welding options are stick, flux core, tig, and mig. The pipeline tig and stick welds a lot more than the other .The pipeline use many types of techniques but, the most common on the pipeline is downhill root pass and the up hill pass. The median annual wage of welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers is
In Friction stir welding process melting does not occur and joining takes place below the melting temperature of the material. Frictional heat is generated between the wear-resistant welding tool and the material of the workpieces. This heat causes the workpieces to soften without reaching the melting point and allows the tool to traverse along the weld line. Defect free copper welds are achieved by friction stir welding carried out at a constant welding speed of 100 mm/min.[1]. The effect of various input speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded Cu–30Zn brass alloy is investigated [2]. Friction stir welding of 5mm thick pure copper plates were done. The characteristics of the microstructure, different heat zones and mechanical properties of welded joints are investigated [3]. The temperature distributions of the weld, Brinell's hardness test, tensile test and microstructure analysis are performed on the welded aluminium alloy
Stainless steel is a type of alloy that has a very strong lattice structure (an arrangement/ shape of the crystals or other objects) which in some case can be more beneficial than others depending on the type of application it may be used for. In many cases this structure will make the material more suited to being used in engineering applications such as tools for instance a hammer (stainless steel alloys) , also they can be used for gears, engines, electrical motors and hydraulic systems because the structure makes the material so strong. So when the arrangement of the structure is as above it makes the overall material even stronger which makes it a good for all the applications stated above. I believe its strength and durability are its main properties as these are commonly needed in the engineering industry, although it is also very well known to be used for its corrosion resistance as it is resistant to many types of corrosion. It is used for these properties because the components such as gears need to be strong in order to keep transferring and altering the rotary motion and torque exhibited in the machine that it may be used in, durable to withstand any loads or pressure put onto it and also corrosion resistance to give the components a bigger life span and increase its rate of work throughout its required use.
Proper care should be taken while welding joints and it should be done by the skilled people under proper guidance.
Welding is an art, science, and high paying career all in one. Welding is the most effective way to join two pieces of metal, it is the only way to join them so they act as one. Numerous things in our daily lives has been welded from coffeepots to skyscrapers. Welding can be done almost anywhere outdoors, indoors, underwater, and even space (“Welding Basics”). It is practically
Gerçekcioglu and T. Eren [13] for the investigates the deformation on the welding surface, it was studied at different rotational speed- 450, 510 and 710 RPM-counter clockwise rotation speed in the FSW. Qasim M Doos and Bashar Abdul Wahab [14] the investigating three tool rotational speeds (500, 630, 800 RPM) with four welding speeds (0.5, 1, 2, 3 mm/Sec) for each rotational speed had been used to study the effect of each parameter (tool rotation, weld speed) on mechanical and microstructure properties of welded joints. Rajakumar et al., [15] for the investigates, effected a tool rotational speed of 1000 RPM, welding speed of 60 mm/min and axial force of 1 kN on mechanical properties. Khandkar et al. (2006) [16] studied the residual stress of such FSW metals as aluminum 2024, aluminum 6063 and stainless steel 304L using a sequentially coupled finite element model with the FSW process. Peel M. (2003) [17] studied a microstructure, mechanical properties, and residual stresses as a function of welding speed in aluminum AA5083 friction stir
?Automation Reduces Weld Spatter? Welding Design & Fabrication (Jun. 2001): 37 EBSCOhost. Online. Nov. 2002 .