Synthesis of a Liquid Crystal – Cholesteryl Benzoate Introduction The acyl chloride is a convenient reactant when undertaking ester synthesis, this is because it is highly reactive. Therefore, it can drive the reaction to completion and ensure a high yield. The high reactivity of the acyl chloride is due to the electronegative chlorine atom which pulls the electrons towards it in the C-CI bond. Furthermore, this makes the carbon atom more electrophilic and therefore easier for nucleophiles to react with. The chloride ion is a weak base and therefore acts as a good leaving group. Finally, the reaction involving an acyl chloride is irreversible, leading to the completion of the reaction and therefore the desired product, which in this case is …show more content…
In a fume cupboard using a graduated pipette, 3 mL of pyridine was added to the conical flask, followed by 0.41 mL of benzoyl chloride. The solid produced in the conical flask was yellow and had a creamy texture. The mixture was then heated on a steam bath for 10 minutes and then cooled in a beaker of ice-cold water to improve recovery and ensure full recrystallisation. A 15 mL aliquot of methanol was then added to the mixture and the solid product collected under suction filtration in a Büchner funnel. The solid was then washed with two 20 mL aliquots of methanol and then dried again under suction filtration. The solid was then further dried in a vacuum desiccator for 30 …show more content…
The melting point of transition state two was 155 – 160 °C, the sample was clear and liquid. A 0.011 g sample of cholesterol and 0.012 g sample of cholesteryl benzoate were dissolved in dichloromethane, in two separate test tubes. The dichloromethane was used as an elution solvent in the TLC procedure. A TLC was then performed on the two solutions. The results of the TLC are shown in Figure 3. Rf = distance moved by spot ÷ distance moved by the solvent front Cholesterol – Rf = 4 mm ÷ 45 mm = 0.08 Cholesteryl Benzoate - Rf = 25 mm ÷ 45 mm = 0.55 The spectrum of the product (Figure 4) was then run using an infra-red spectrometer: The peak at 710.81 cm-1 corresponds to a C-H bond (arene), this is directly attached to the ester group produced during synthesis. The peak at 1451.35 cm-1 corresponds to the C-H bond (alkyl), the alkyl groups are directly attached to the main hydrocarbon
The IR spectrum RM-02-CC2 was obtained. The spectrum consisted of a carbonyl peak, an aromatic carbon-carbon double bond peak, and a sp2 hybridized carbon and hydrogen bond peak at 1713, 1598, and 734. These functional groups are all present in 9-flourenone. The carbonyl group specifically was important because fluorenone was the only that contained a carbonyl group. The Identity was further confirmed by the melting point, 79-80˚C. This value is similar to the known value 84˚C2. The melting point observed during the experiment is greater than the known because the sample is slightly impure. This impurity is caused by presence of fluorene on the tip of the columns. As stated before, the tip of the column needs to be manage to ensure pure products. The presence of fluorene would increase the temperature as seen in the melting point results because the melting point of this compound is greater than fluorenone. Overall, both compounds were separated with column chromatography and presented reasonable yields for both products. Column chromatography is a useful technique to separate mixtures with both large and small quantities. Unlike TLC, column chromatography and be used for large amounts of
As shown in figure 2, the percentage of each isomeric alcohol in the mixture had been determined. The hydrogen atom on the carbon atom with the hydroxyl group appear at around 4.0 ppm for borneol and 3.6 ppm for isoborneol. The product ratio has been determined by integrating the peaks. A ratio of 6:1 for the Isoborneol/borneol ratio was expected and is validated by the calculations shown above, with isoborneol percentage at 83.82% and 16.17% of borneol. A CHCl3 group noted at around 7ppm and a CH2Cl2 at around 3.5ppm.
The general objective of this experiment was for the students to familiarise with the preparation of a simple organic compound and to purify the compound by recrystallization. This experiment allows the students to conduct synthesis of aspirin, reinforcing the skills of recrystallization and the technique of melting point determination.
The product that is formed the most is 1-methyl-1-cyclohexexene because it is the most highly substituted and thus the most stable, while 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene and methylenecyclohexane are produced less because they are less highly substituted and thus less stable. This reaction proceeded through an E1 pathway. In the mechanism the sulfuric acid provides a proton which protonates the hydroxyl group on the 2-methylcyclohexanol. This forms a good leaving group on the 2-methylcyclohexanol which leaves the compound as water. A carbocation results and H2PO4^- deprotonates a hydrogen on a carbon atom next to carbon atom with a positive charge resulting in alkenes with the major and minor products. One major technique used in this experiment was distillation. The reason distillation works is because different organic compounds have different boiling points. Usually a mixture containing two compounds is placed in the round bottom flask in the distillation apparatus. When the distillation apparatus is turned on and heat is applied, the vaporization of the compound in the mixture with the lower boiling point occurs. This compound, then condenses in the condenser and is received by the receiving flask at the end of the distillation
This mixture was very good at separating the mixtures because its dielectric constant is 3.832. This relatively high value for the dielectric constant gives a strong effect towards moving the compounds up the TLC plate. The way that I visualized the spots on the TLC plate is first I placed the plate under a UV light. This showed most but not all the spots. The next way was to dip the TLC plate into bromocresol green. The best mixture was mixture 5 at separating the compounds due to the greatest dielectric constant. The worst mixture being the first mixture this is due to the very low dielectric constant. The general values between the ibuprofen and the aspirin are almost the same most of the time while the naproxen is very low in
The purpose of this experiment is to prepare and observe the properties of esters. The ester that will be synthesized in this methyl Salicylate
The presence of the strong peak at 1602 cm-1 supports the claim that there is an aromatic ring located in the product. Another piece of evidence to support the E1cB reaction step is the presence of the strong alkene C=C stretch (conj) located at 1628.2 ppm which supports the claim of the combination of the two reagents. Methoxy is represented in the product through the two peaks located at 1655.2 cm-1 and 1278.7cm-1 which shows that the Ketone C=O stretch (conj) and ether C-O stretch are located in the final product. Chloro is found in the product through the chlorine displayed as an alkyl halide C-Cl stretch in the product through the peak at 675.8
All the reagents and solvents were obtained from standard suppliers. The 2:1 water:methanol was prepared by the Carleton College stockroom and methanol was degassed with argon with the use of a Schlenk Line, but the rest of the reagents and solvents were used with no further purification. The final step of the synthesis was performed in an inert atmosphere provided by a Schlenk Line. The 1H and 13C spectrums and COSY, DEPT, and HMQC experiments were collected with a Bruker Avance III HD 400 MHz High-Performance Digital NMR Spectrometer.
For the first trial, 2 dry evaporating dishes were weighed on the balance, and their masses were recorded. The first dish was 71.74 grams by mass, while the second dish was 52.03 grams by mass. We added 2 grams of unknown mixture to the first evaporating dish, and we weighted it on the balance and recorded its mass. The mass of this dish was 74.74g. Then, the first evaporating dish was put on the clay triangle using crucible tongs on the Bunsen burner in the hood area. The mixture was heated, and there was a gas that was produced which was NH4CL. After the NH4CL was removed, we took the evaporating dish using tongs and it was left to allow it to cool. After the dish was cooled down, the dish was placed on the balance and weighted again after heating (McHugh 46).
Methyl benzoate (0.20 ml), Sulfuric acid (0.45 mL of 18 M), and a spin vane was added to a 5 mL conical vial. An air condenser is attached and clamped to allow proper stirring. A second ice bath was made to hold a 3-ml conical vial of Sulfuric acid (0.15 ml of 18M), and Nitric acid (0.15 ml of 16M). This was added dropwise at two and half minutes per drop to the 5 mL conical vial. This was done slowly so as not to produce TNT. Once completed, the 5 mL vial containing the solution was allowed to warm up to room temperature and sat for 15 minutes undisturbed. Two grams of ice was placed in a 30 mL beaker in which the solution was poured over it. The solution was rinsed with cold water and suction filtered when the ice was melted. The crystals were washed with cold water (2 - 1.0 mL), and methanol (0.3 mL). The product was recrystallized using methanol and allowed to dry. The final beige crystals were weighed, and tested for quality.
The purpose of this lab was to recover as much eugenol and acetyleugenol from 25 grams of cloves as possible. This lab was completed over the course of two days. The first day was dedicated to using simple distillation to collect 70 mL of distillate. The eugenol and acetyleugenol would later be recovered from the distillate. The second day was dedicated to separating the desired products from the distillate and from each other. This day was far more labor intensive and led to the completion of the lab. This lab utilized various techniques such as distillation, extraction and rotary evaporation. Separation, extraction, and recovery are key themes highlighted in this lab. Knowing where both eugenol and acetyleugenol were was vital to accomplishing
Scheme 1: Fischer Esterification reaction between benzaldehyde and ethanol to produce benzocaine. INTRODUCTION:
According to Le Châtelier's principle, if the conditions are altered while the system is at equilibrium, then the reaction will proceed in such a way as to counteract the change. It is possible to utilise the principles of Le Châtelier's to increase the final yield of butyl ethanoate. As the ester is only synthesised during reflux, the only opportunity to improve the yield of butyl ethanoate is during this stage of heating. In order to improve the yield, the theory of Le Châtelier's principle can be utilised, manipulating the conditions to produce an increased yield of ester. It is possible to achieve this desired affect by increasing the concentration of the limiting reagent butanol while the system is at equilibrium.
To build acene backbone the Diels-Alder reaction can be used. Byproduct free [4+2] cycloaddition is especially enticing due to the fact that in the employed synthesis strategy the starting diene is not purified before the reaction. To synthesize diene bisacetal decomposition is deployed. The initial reaction is employing diketone which forms acetal with methanol under acidic conditions. To shift the equilibrium of reaction to the products direction, the three times excess of methyl orthoformiate is introduced.
Perhaps, a different drying agent may also be used like MgSO4. Another improvement may be to use a curved Pasteur pipette to remove the appropriate liquid. Using a test tube to add anhydrous sodium sulfate resulted in the drying agent being on the sides of the tube. Hence, to improve this error, a glass with a flat bottom may be used.