XTL (Anything to Liquid) is recently emerging phrase that represented all of technologies intended to convert any source of carbon to liquid hydrocarbons. These processes have at least three main steps: syngas production, Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) and product finalizing. Syngas production might be different from feed and technology point of view and these differences affect all downstream units partially. In this step, source of carbon converted to syngas which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Origin of the letter X in the XTL phrase depends on this carbon source since B stands for Biomass, C for Coal (bituminous or non-bituminous), G for (natural) Gas and W for Waste (petrochemical wastes, worn automobile tires and …) [1-4]. Amongst these routes steam reforming in fixed bed reformers and partial oxidation in auto thermal reactors are more attractive in industrial applications (both related to Gas to Liquid (GTL) process) [5]. Although these processes seem completely different form syngas production point of view but they are almost similar in the next step, the heart of any XTL factory, namely FTS. In FTS unit syngas converted to chains of different hydrocarbons such as paraffin, olefin, oxygenated and …, by use of sutiable catalysts of iron or cobalt based. This section is the most important section of any XTL factory and in fact XTL is translation of the classical Fischer Tropsch Synthesis the language of industrial and commercial world. Finally the hydrocarbon products might undergo some finalizing steps to reach the specifications of the market. This is the final step of a XTL process and might be comprised of different units with a variation of complexness depending on the final product quality and perhaps...
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...mpanies, with their in-house documents.
The present work investigated effect of kinematic viscosity (ν), pressure difference (ΔP) and time (t) on the rate of internal filtration. An experimental setup designed and operated to take empirical data in different operating conditions and time. The most interesting part of the present investigation is fitting data with 16 different models. All models are a simple linear correlation of filtrate flux (Q) versus natural logarithm of time, but the coefficients of these models are simple or complex correlations of pressure difference and kinematic viscosity or ∆P and temperature (T). the results showed that a set of ΔP and ν was favored over ΔP and T. also all models fail to reproduce original data at severe filtration conditions of high viscosity and low ΔP. The reason shall be changing the flow regime through filter media.
The respirometer uses the principle of water displacement. As the amount of gas in the respirometer changes, this will be reflected by an equivalent displacement of water in the pipette. Remember that at the same temperature and pressure,...
A precipitation reaction can occur when two ionic compounds react and produce an insoluble solid. A precipitate is the result of this reaction. This experiment demonstrates how different compounds, react with each other; specifically relating to the solubility of the compounds involved. The independent variable, will be the changing of the various chemical solutions that were mixed in order to produce different results. Conversely the dependent variable will be the result of the independent variable, these include the precipitates formed, and the changes that can be observed after the experiment has been conducted. The controlled variable will be the measurement of ten droplets per test tube.
You have been asked to design an oral liquid formulation of ibuprofen for paediatric use.
This experiment synthesized luminol (5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione) and used the product to observe how chemiluminescence would work. The starting material was 5-nitro-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione, which was, after addition of reaction agents, refluxed and vacuum filtered to retrieve luminol. Using two stock solutions, we missed our precipitated luminol with sodium hydroxide, potassium ferricyanide, and hydrogen peroxide, in their respective solutions, in a dark room, to observe the blue light
The Olefins II Unit makes hydrocarbons from naphtha or natural gas using furnaces. After distillation, the p...
Processes for cleaner and more efficient energy generation from feed stocks such as coals, lignites, peats, and waste liquors use fluidized beds that are operated at high temperatures and pressures. These processes involve systems that are multi-phase and have complex chemical reactions. Research work has tackled a number of aspects, including mechanical engineering aspects of the reactors, reaction chemistry and products, characterization and physical properties of the ash, fouling by ash deposits and the phenomenon of defluidization by agglomeration or sintering of the ash particles. It is with this latter aspect, the phenomenon of defluidization, that this contribution is concerned. Defluidization is also a problem in a number of other elevated temperature fluidized bed production processes, including size enlargement by agglomeration, fluidized bed processes for poly-olefin production and metallurgical processes.
In industry, the performance specifications for a particular pump may be known, but the tests are usually based on water as the pumping medium. For liquids of significantly higher viscosity than water, these performance curves may only be accurate at certain flow rates, or they might not be valid at all, and it might be necessary to recalibrate the specifications for higher viscosity liquids.
A familiar lesson in elementary history might be that a conquered people will generally acculturate into the dominant culture of their conquerors. However, the process of how these two cultures interact is often not that simple. For example, the term transculturation was coined in the 1940s by sociologist Fernando Oritz to describe the process by which a conquered people choose and select what aspects of the dominant culture they will assume (Pratt 589). Unlike acculturation, transculturation recognizes the power of the subordinate culture to create its own version of the dominant culture. In an essay entitled, "The Arts of the Contact Zone," author Mary Louise Pratt argues that transculturation does not have to be confined to the social spaces where disparate cultures intersect; it can be extended to everyday situations, such as the classroom. However, though Pratt recognizes that transculturation can take place on a very personal level, she still fails to discuss the emotional nature of transculturation. An analysis of Derek Walcott's poem, "A Far Cry from Africa," using scholar Homi Bhabha's concept of "mimicry" will give a deeper understanding of Pratt's vision of transculturation by redefining it as a process of personal struggle by which each individual in a subordinate group is moved to choose and select which aspects of the dominant culture he or she will assume.
...ch is used to replace natural gas. He also stated that, among the equipment used to burn the biofuel, the suspension burner have the ability to exceed 99% efficiency and whole-tree burner can reduce the cost of harvesting and handling woody fuels by about 35% (Brown, 2003). Moreover, the usage of bio-energy in long term is to provide a degree of ecological balance and climate change, avoid acid rain, reduce soil erosion and minimize water pollution (Gevorkian, 2007). Therefore, biomass is environmental friendly like solar energy. Based on the research that has been carried out regarding the synthesis of gas from biomass, the gas gasifies in the internal combustion engine. The relative energy density of synthesis gas is higher than the fossil fuel under certain conditions. In addition, the relative flame speed of synthesis gas can reduce the time for spark ignition.
Over the next few decades, it is projected that the demand for liquid-based petroleum fuels required for light-duty transportation is to be expected to grow rapidly (EIA, 2010). Due to the increase in consumption of gasoline for combustion of internal engines, there could be increase in the G...
Introduction: A phase change is a result from the kinetic energy (heat) either decreasing or increasing to change the state of matter (i.e. water, liquid, or gas.) Thus saying, freezing is the phase change from a liquid to a solid which results from less kinetic energy/heat. Also, melting is the phase change from a solid to a liquid which results from adding kinetic energy/heat. So, the freezing and melting point of something is the temperature at which these phase changes occur. Therefore, a phase change will occur when a vial of 10 mL of water is placed into a cup of crushed ice mixed with four spoonfuls with 5 mL of sodium chloride for 30 minutes. If 10 mL of water is placed in an ice bath, it will then freeze at 5 degrees Celsius because the kinetic energy will leave quicker with the ice involved. The purpose of this lab is to observe what temperature the water must be to undergo a phase change.
In this report, theory of pipe flow was introduced. This is followed by the experimental apparatus and experimental procedure that required for carrying out the experiment. Next, experimental results that recorded were tabulated and shown. Detailed analysis was done based on experimental results. Comparison between theoretical and experimental value had been done as well. Possible sources of error had been determined accompanied with the suggestion for result accuracy improvement. Last but not least, conc...
At the end of this experiment, we will obtain the friction factors of three different pipes and the compared results. We will also get a pump characteristic curve and the compared result. In the graph, the horizontal axis is gallons per minute, and head in feet, BHP, NPSH, and the efficiency are the vertical axis. Finally, the expected results of this experiment are similar to the manufacturer’s data.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is one of the common alternative fuels used in world today. It is a mainstay for heating and cooking in Malaysia. LPG gas is a fossil fuel, like oil and natural gas. It can be refined from oil and natural gas the same way gasoline is refined from crude oil (Grabianowski, 2005). There are two main types of LPG are butane and propane. They are only used in their pure form for test purposes, and are supplied as commercial butane or commercial propane, which are mixtures of the gas with other gases added to improve the working characteristics (Treloar, 2010). The advantages of LPG gas are most of propane comes from domestic sources, less expensive than gasoline and potentially lower toxic, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and non methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions.
Depending on the content of the carbon and hydrogen and gasifiers properties, the heating value mainly of the syngas, can domain between 10 to 50 percent that of natural gas. The heating value of syngas mainly becomes from hydrogen and CO produced by the gasification process. the main advantages of the biomass gasification technology are directly burning the biomass and gasification may also be talented using chemicals and biologic action for examples anaerobic digestion. the main bioenergy feedstock for biomass gasification is Bark, Screening Fines an, wood chips and