Link Quality Based Hierarchical Routing Algorithm for 6LoWPAN
INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the fastest growing areas in networking world today. In order to convert WSN from personal area network (PAN) into low power personal area network (LoWPAN), IEEE standard 802.15.4 was introduced. However, future WSNs would consist of thousands of nodes and these networks may be connected to others via the internet. Hence, IPv6 over LoWPAN (6LoWPAN) is defined by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a technique to integrate internet capability into WSN. 6LoWPAN provides a WSN node with IP communication capabilities by putting an adaptation layer above the IEEE 802.15.4 link layer for the packet fragmentation and reassembly purpose.
The 6LoWPAN concept originated from the idea that "the Internet Protocol could and should be applied even to the smallest devices," and that low-power devices with limited processing capabilities should be able to participate in the Internet of Things.
The arrival of 6LoWPAN allows for the development of IP-based applications for low-power wireless networks like sensor networks. Often there are unreliable radio channels or frequent node failure in the sensor networks and the question arises how 6LoWPAN-based applications can be hardened against such issues. 6LoWPAN consists of a huge address pool that is enough for the future Internet compatible devices.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardized the transmission of IPv6 over LoWPANs through 6LoWPAN and an adaptation layer was introduced with various mechanisms like header compression, packet fragmentation and reassembly above the logical link layer of IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack. The reference model of 6LoWPAN protocol s...
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...le that the proposed algorithm requires very less time and hence becomes more efficient.
Figure 2 Routing Overhead
The above simulation result shows the routing overhead with the blue line depicting series 1 for the basic HiLOW protocol and red line for series 2 for the proposed link quality based HiLOW. The above result clearly shows a very low routing overhead in case of the proposed algorithm and proves that the proposed algorithm would provide a better routing structure.
Figure 3 Packet Drop Rate
The above graphical result depicts how the proposed HiLOW protocol has a lower packet drop rate as shown by the blue line series as compared to the red line series depicting the basic HiLOW. The low rate of packet drop shows that when routing is done with the best link quality more packets reach the destination and the efficiency of routing is greatly enhanced.
The main section of the report will give an overview of both protocols in question, followed by a look at the similarities and differences between the protocols including any advantages and disadvantages. The report shall then analyse associated infrastructure requirements and scenarios where both protocols could be implemented.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model has significantly influenced the development of internet protocol we use today. Created in the 1980’s by the International Standards Organization (ISO), a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards, this reference model has defined the entire network communication process into seven structured layers. In ascending order these layers are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The purpose of this model was, and still is, to simplify and set a standard for the design of communication and networking products that can communicate with each other, regardless of system differences.
... in Wireless Sensor Networks: Current proposal and Future Development, IEEE Xplore, Hong Kong, Oct- 2007.
indent This paper also proposes that the protocol is able to support broadcast negotiation in an efficient way and is highly power-efficient. Morevoer, in the performance evaluation section, TMMAC perform a exquisite result by reaching 113 per cent higher communication throughput that is mainly determined by the number of packets that can be scheduled during the ATIM window (number of successful negotiation) and the maximum number of packets that can be accommodated during the communication window which can be explained with the...
An Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is the most used interior gateway protocol and computation intensive protocol where energy consumption in Internet Protocol (IP) networks is the main concern. The energy in an IP network can be saved by allowing a subset of IP router interfaces on sleep mode setting during the low traffic hours through the model of “move” by dint of an Energy Aware Routing (EAR) strategy, which is completely compatible with OSPF and is based on the “Shortest Path Tree (SPT) exportation” techinque or “Dijkstra's Algorithm”. In case of heavy traffic hours, the EAR strategy is not usable and may cause denial of service. The strategy implemented can help a network operator to control the network performance and allow a smoothed QoS degradation. This performance evaluation study permits to save about 30% of network links with a insignificant rise of link loads and network path lengths.
This paper proposed link stability based hop by hop multicast routing scheme that finds stable multicast path from source to receivers. The main goals of LSHBH are to maintain stable tree structure, by reducing receiver departures, and to construct low-cost trees, to reduce administrative costs and to lower error rate. Simulation is done over a large number of VANET nodes with wide range of mobility and the performance is evaluated. Finally, the simulations results confirm effectiveness of our proposed protocol in efficient multicast delivery in terms of packet delivery ratio, less control overheads. However in the future, we will seek better multicast routing with new smart scheme.
Internet Protocol version 4 is the current standard “IP” protocol used with Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which is the protocol for Internet addressing. Like the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model, TCP/IP has its own model. The TCP/IP network model represents reality in the world, whereas the OSI model represents an ideal. The TCP/IP network model has four basic layers. The first layer, Network interface layer, deals with all physical components of network connectivity between the network and the IP protocol. Next the Internet layer contains all functionality that manages the movement of data between two network devices over a routed network. Then the Transport layer manages the flow of traffic between two hosts or devices, ensuring that data arrives at the application on the host for which it is targeted. And last, the Application layer acts as final endpoints at either end of a communication session between two network hosts (Tetz).
Dual stack and Tunneling: Dual stack is a more preferred mechanism for transition from IPv4 to IPv6, thus providing an organization to support applications for both IPv6 and IPv4. Also, if tunneling is implemented, it is beneficial to use static tunneling when compared to dynamic tunneling as it gives the administrator more control over the transition mechanism (Ashford, 2012).
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of distributed sensors to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or detect dimensions, to pass their data through the network to a base station for processing. Advantages of WSN over a wired system considered in elimination of wiring cost, sensors can be installed in harsh environments. Each sensor node is a combination of Radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna micro-controller, electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors, energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting. Drawback of using sensors is having limited power to consume, a memory that is capable of performing limited computations, in addition to probability of communication failures between nodes.
Xie, Peng, and Jun-Hong Cui. "R-MAC: An energy-efficient MAC protocol forWASA 2007. International Conference on. IEEE, 2007.
Considering the factors such as fault tolerance, flexibility, high sensitivity and low cost of sensor networks have a exciting prospect in the present and future days in various departments with various applications and uses of its kind. There are still many more improvements to be done for the current network sensors, and many of them are currently under research and will be out soon with the best possible solutions to tackle all the possible constraints and work optimally.
The Key activity of this paper is to avoid the data loss in the network and also providing...
From the protocol operation perspective, the existing protocols can be classified into negotiation based, query based, QoS based, multipath based and coherent-based protocols.
De Poorter, E., Troubleyn, E., Moerman, I., & Demeester, P. (2011). IDRA: A flexible system architecture for next generation wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 17(6), 1423-1440. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-011-0356-5
Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), and Wide Area Network (WAN). Instead LAN, PAN also can be built using either wired or wireless technology. In this assignment, i will focus on Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) which is implemented IEEE 802.15 standard based on the smart home environment that would enable an elderly to stay in their home, instead of a health care center so that they can live independently. Therefore, this is the opportunity for us to explore, design and layout network infrastructure by using our background knowledge in data communication and computer networks.