Photonic Semiconductor Abstract- Photonic semiconductor is deeply integrated in electronic circuit designs and widely used in many sorts of applications, they act as electrical to optical or optical to electrical transducers. This paper aims to discuss various optoelectronic devices; their structure, materials, theory of operation, merit properties and characteristics that recommends them for various applications. I. Introduction Optoelectronics is a branch of Photonics Science concerns with devices and systems that combine both electronic devices where information is carried among electrons and holes (generation and recombination) and photonic devices where information is carried among photons and their interaction with solid semiconductors. These devices and …show more content…
MBE is well-controlled process, yet it is very slow. We can accurately grow single-layer films, as well as two monolayer films using low pressure MOCVD. LPE is low cost way to grow films above 1000A^o, but most photonic components involve thickness below 20nm, so it is no longer used epitaxial systems. GaAs And InP are the most important binary substrates. Lattice structure of GaAs is well matched toAlAs, so AlGaAs can be grown on GaAs perfectly.it has been used as basis of many novel electronic devices. On the other hand, InGaAs and InGaAsP can be grown on InP with no lattice mismatch. It forms the basis of photonic component used in optical communication systems. GaN Is the newest development, it may become the new material for optical devices in the near future. GaN Can emit at short wavelengths (high energy photons), future plans are considering extending spectrum to cover most of the visible region. The AlGaAs-GaAs covers 800-900 nm while InGaAsP-InP works in the 1100-1550 nm. II.1 Absorption and emission of light by
Thin solid films were probably first obtained in 1838 by electrolysis. They were systematically prepared by Faraday in 1857.
The technique optogenetics has won an abundance of prestigious awards and yet most people, outside the realm of neuroscience, do not know what it is or why it is useful. Optogenetics poses a solution to a difficult challenge within neuroscience research. The complexity of the brain has been a huge pitfall in the field. For several years, scientists have been puzzled as to how to manipulate one type of cell in the brain while simultaneously leaving all of the others unaltered. Optogenetics elegantly combines optics and genetics to monitor neurons to overcome this issue.
Gallium is a chemical element with the symbol Ga. Gallium is a soft silvery blue at standard temperature and pressure, it's a brittle solid at low temperature. Gallium is a non-toxic chemical for humans, gallium is used to make a thermometer. most of us use gallium for an everyday thing, they are used to make mobile phones, optoelectronics, solar panels, and LEDs. It is used for mining a mining tool, the thing they mind for with gallium is aluminum and zinc.
Answer: The term thermiionic emission comes from the phenomena of quantumm mechanical tunneling which takes place in some special circumstances. It sometimes happens that electrons with energy less than the barrier height to cross the barrier passing through it instead of over is called tunnneling effect. In semi conductors we can see this in heavily doped material where the current in the forward direction arises due to tunneling of the charged particles with energies close to the Fermi level but not the actual barrier height. This kind of emission due to tunneling is called field emission. Now if we increase the forward bias voltage, the electrons acquire enough energy to tunnel through the thin depletion region. To avoid this kind of tunneling and get a pure current flow we raise the temperature to a certain point such that the electrons get enough energy to cross the barrier and no longer tunnel through it. This temperature generated effect is called pure thermionic emission.
Silicon surface micromachining uses the same equipment and processes as the electronics semiconductor industry. There are three basic building blocks in this technology, which are the ability to deposit thin films of material on a substrate, to apply a patterned mask on top of the films by photolithographic imaging, and to etch the films selectively to the mask. A MEMS process is usually a structured sequence of these operations to form actual devices.
In XPM, the refractive index changes due to variations in power not only in the observed channel but also due to variation in powers of other wavelength channels leading to the pulse distortion [D305]. Changes in the refractive index and phase shifts can also be created by a second optical field which is either at a different wavelength or on a different polarization. This type of interaction is called XPM. Such optically-induced phase shifts used in several types of interferometric and dual-mode structures for optical switching [DH96].
The concept of fiber optics is simple, yet it provides so many potentialities in the world of technology. Presently the world relies on fiber optical technology for its data and communications systems. The consumer can converse on the telephone and hear voices with clarity, as well as send and receive information on the Internet with ease. However, there still lay a sea of possibilities in this area of technology that has not yet been discovered.
The output phosphor, made of zinc cadmium sulfide, is where the electrons produced through photoemission will interact and produce light. It is extremely important that the path of the electrons from the photocathode to the output phosphor be precise.
We have all at some point in our lives used or seen someone use a laser.
Scientists and engineers have been able to enhance our lifestyles by understanding and using the Laws, Concepts and Principles of Optics and how they are applied in Optical Instruments. The key concepts are:
Grundmann, Marius. Physics of Semiconductors: An Introduction Including Devices and Nanophysics. New York: Springer, 2006. Print.
As a graduate student, I will undertake research and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my master's degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate study in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers.
The photovoltaic effect, electricity can be created directly from sunlight. Some semi-conductor materials that are exposed to sunlight can create electron-hole pairs, which can be collected to produce electricity. This occurs when photons have energy above a certain threshold. These photons have shorter wavelengths. In silicon, the threshold for electron-hole production is in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Kennedy, Gerry. "The Spectronics Blog." The Spectronics Blog RSS. Spectronicsinoz, 15 May 2012. Web. 04 Mar. 2014.
Electrical engineering deals with electricity, electro-magnetism and electronics. It also covers power, control systems, telecommunications and signal processing. These engineers are usually concerned with large-scale electrical systems such as motor control and power transmission, as well as utilizing electricity to transmit energy. Electrical engineers may work on a diverse range of technologies, from the design of household appliances, lighting