Introduction: “Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body” (Genetics Home Reference, 2014, p. xx-xx). “They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs” (Genetics Home Reference, 2014, p. xx-xx). “Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains” (Genetics Home Reference , 2014, p. xx-xx). “There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be combined to make a protein” (Genetics Home Reference, 2014, p. xx-xx). “The sequence of amino acids determines each protein’s unique 3-dimensional structure and its specific function” (Genetics Home Reference, 2014, p. xx-xx). “Proteins are complex molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (sometimes sulphur and phosphorus)” (TutorVista.com, 2014, p. xx-xx). There are four levels to protein structure, there is primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and lastly quaternary structure. Each structure has a unique shape. “The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence” (Sadava, 2011, p. 44). “Amino Acid monomers are joined forming polypeptide chains” (Sadava, 2011, p. 45). The primary structure is composed of one of the strongest bonds, covalent bonds. The secondary structure however is made of weaker bonds, which are hydrogen bonds. Secondary structure can create two shapes. Either the alpha helix, or the beta pleated sheets. “The (alpha) helix is a right-handed coil that turns in the same direction as a standard wood screw” (Sadava, 2011, p. 46). “The coiling results from hydrogen bonds that form between the δ+ hydrogen of the N-H of one amino... ... middle of paper ... ...onomers took longer to travel down the gel, thus resting at the top most bands, illustrated by Figure 2 and proved by Figure 1. References Genetics Home Reference (2014, February 10). What are proteins and what do they do? - Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/protein Life Science Core at UCLA, Martin, L., Chen, K., Johnson, L., Foley, R., & Murotake, R. (2005). Analysis of Protein Size and Subunit Composition Using SDS- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. Los Angeles, CA. Sadava, D. E. (2011). Life: The science of biology (9th ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. TutorVista.com (2014). Proteins, Composition of Proteins, Classification of Proteins | Tutorvista.com. Retrieved from http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/animal-nutrition/proteins.php#
Cain, M. L., Urry, L. A., & Reece, J. B. (2010). Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings.
2)Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. Biology. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Print.
In the secondary structure, the conformations of the proteins or amino acid chain depend on the hydrogen bonding between the molecules. Two main types of secondary structures are α-helices and the ß-sheets. In Cx26, the amino acid sequence forms into a α-helical domains. In the Cx26 protein there is also another secondary structure called 310 helix.
"Within a single subunit [polypeptide chain], contiguous portions of the polypeptide chain frequently fold into compact, local semi-independent units called domains." - Richardson, 1981
What is protein and how is it made you ask. Well I will tell you first off i'm going to talk to you about DNA and life. Scientists thought that DNA was made up of four nucleotides, so the DNA was exactly the same(Nowicki, 2015). DNA contains the instructions on how to make all of our protein. Central dogma explains the patterns on how DNA goes to RNA to make protein. Central dogma goes from DNA to making new DNA. From DNA to make new RNA from RNA to make new proteins.
Protein is the basis for all life on Earth. Without it, nothing would survive. It is important for growth and development (Eltz & Zieve, 2013, p. 1). It can be defined as any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consists of long amino acid chains that are essential to any living organism. Protein is mainly used to construct, maintain, and fix body tissues.
Proteins are a fundamental macromolecule, playing an essential role in the creation of life, coded for by genes in DNA. Proteins have a wide range of functions in the body, with perhaps the most significant being their role as enzymes. It is these enzymes that are responsible for the biological catalysis of almost all essential cellular reactions that constitute basic life. This range would not be possible without their diversity in structure, as a protein’s structure is directly linked to its functions. Proteins are able to achieve this variety by having a four-tiered structural ‘hierarchy’ with four layers of structure; primary, secondary, tertiary and
There are four main levels of a protein, which make up its native conformation. The first level, primary structure, is just the basic order of all the amino acids. The amino acids are held together by strong peptide bonds. The next level of protein organization is the secondary structure. This is where the primary structure is repeated folded so that it takes up less space. There are two types of folding, the first of which is beta-pleated sheets, where the primary structure would resemble continuous spikes forming a horizontal strip. The seco...
Proteins (macronutrient), which are found in animal products, nuts and beans, they help to build new cells, maintain tissue and synthesis new proteins essential for performing basic bodily functions. Proteins are in abundance in the human body and are present in the outer and inner membranes of all living cells (Dummies, 2018). Proteins are essential for building new cells, maintaining tissue and helping new proteins needed for basic bodily function (
Campbell, N. A. & J. B. Reece, 8th eds. (2008). Biology. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
In total, there are around 20 amino acids that the human body uses to build proteins.
The covalent structure of a protein is composed of hundreds of individual bonds. Because free rotation is possible around a good portion of these bonds, there are a very high number of possible conformations the protein can assume. However, each protein is responsible for a particular chemical or structural function, signifying that each one has a distinctive three-dimensional configuration. By the early 1900’s, numerous proteins had been crystallized. Because the ordered collection of molecules in a crystal can only form if all of the molecular units are the same, the discovery that proteins could be crystallized proved that even large proteins have distinct chemical structures. This deduction completely transformed the understanding of proteins and their respective functions. It is important to investigate how a series of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is translated into a three-dimensional protein structure. There are five general topics related to this process: the structure of a protein is determined by its amino acid sequence, the role of a protein is dependent on its unique structure, an isolated protein typically exists in a small number of stable forms, non-covalent interactions are the most important stabilizing forces in a protein structure, and there are structural patterns that aid in explaining and understanding protein architecture.
...ill form a string, and the tRNA molecules will be released into the cell. When this string of amino acids is completed, it is called a protein. Some proteins provide structure in living things (such as the protein in muscle tissue), while others can promote certain chemical reactions in cells (such as the breakdown of pectin in tomato cell walls).
Proteins are considered to be the most versatile macromolecules in a living system. This is because they serve crucial functions in all biological processes. Proteins are linear polymers, and they are made up of monomer units that are called amino acids. The sequence of the amino acids linked together is referred to as the primary structure. A protein will spontaneously fold up into a 3D shape caused by the hydrogen bonding of amino acids near each other. This 3D structure is determined by the sequence of the amino acids. The 3D structure is referred to as the secondary structure. There is also a tertiary structure, which is formed by the long-range interactions of the amino acids. Protein function is directly dependent on this 3D structure.