Cardiovascular disease, also known as heart disease, includes a number of conditions affecting the structures or functions of the heart. They include; coronary artery disease, heart attack, heart failure, and stroke (CDC, 2013). In the United States, CVD is the number one killer in men and women (CDC, 2013), and it is also the cause of disability in American adults. In the U.S. alone, about 62 million people live with some form of heart disease, and about 600,000 people die of heart disease every year (CDC, 2013).
In the state of Maryland, the rate of deaths caused by heart disease in 2009 was about 11,143 (DHMH, 2011), though majority of these deaths were men, the difference between the deaths in men and women was not much. Among women living in Maryland, heart disease accounts for about 31.6% of deaths recorded (DHMH, 2011), with an average of 19 deaths per day in women (American Heart Association, 2010). About 59.0% of women living in Maryland are either obese or overweight, and 13.4% are also smokers (DHMH, 2011), while obesity and smoking are leading factors of CVD in Maryland.
Prince Georges County is located close to the Washington Dc area, and it is also one of the most culturally diverse counties in the state of Maryland. Majority of people living in the county are people of color, with people of African descent being majority. Compared to neighboring counties; Montgomery and Howard County, Prince George’s county has the highest rates of deaths, and disabilities caused by CVD (CDC, 2013). Also, residents of the county are more likely to be obese and overweight, and there is also a shortage of primary care physicians in the area. There is also a huge gap of racial disparities in Prince Georges County.
In Prince George’s...
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...nty includes, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, overweight/obesity, inadequate physical activity, smoking status (current and former smokers) and poor nutrition. In Maryland, about 36.9% of residents reported prevalence in high cholesterol levels, about 36.7% overweight or obese, which is related to an inactive lifestyle and poor nutrition (DHMH, 2011).
Heart disease in women is preventable if certain measures and precautions can be taken. Reducing sodium intake in food can reduce the chances of CVD. According to the CDC, about “90% of Americans eat more sodium than is recommended for a healthy diet” (CDC, 2013). Choosing a diet less in sodium, reading the nutrition facts label while shopping, consumption of fruits and vegetables, being physically active, regular doctor visits and also knowing one’s risks ahead of time are ways to prevent heart disease.
Cardiovascular disease is an epidemic that is afflicting this great nation. It makes up 42% of all deaths, and CVD, principally coronary artery disease and stroke, is the nation’s leading killer for both men and women among all racial and ethnic groups. However, CVD affects one part of the population in an incredibly serious manner. This section is the African American community, and among blacks age 20 and over, 40.5% of men and 39.6% of women are affected by CVD. General practitioners need to focus on the causal biologic and social factors, such as background, heritage, and diet that add to the disparity in the prevalence of CVD in the black community. As well as, efforts to boost consciousness about the associations between lifestyle choices and cardiovascular outcomes must be strengthened and expanded. This multi-tiered approach is the only way to combat this killer, and salvage the lives our the African American people.
It was to this respect that, the search could detect ‘’hypertension’’ as the leading risk factor for heart disease. And this preceded three quarters of heart failures cases as compared to coronary artery disease, which led to most heart failures in less than 40% of the cases. Also, an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter became a mirror to the Framingham study as incident heart diseases in the individuals who are free from myocardial infarction. Although studies have shown that, the manifestation of heart failures can be present without the left ventricular systolic dysfunction, other risk factors could lead to that. Also, they (Framingham study) were able to detect ‘’too much of cholesterol’’ as a link to cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, research believed that has elevated among certain heart diseases such as coronary heart often leads to stroke, too high blood pressure among numerous patients. Having said that, the search discovered ‘’obesity’’ also as a concomitantly with hypertension which elevates lipids and diabetes versus questions on smoking behavior. Having said that, these risk factors are believed to have attributed to heart diseases. Therefore, it became a national concern to the general US population and that of the fourth director of Framingham heart study, William Castelli
Hypertension, high blood pressure, type II diabetes sugar, salt, diet, cholesterol, obesity, weight loss, stroke
1) Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)/Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): In the United States, CAD accounts for one death every minute making it a leading cause of death (Kones, 2011). Individuals at risk for CAD include those with modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Non-modifiable risk factors for CAD include: age, race, family history. Modifiable risk factors include: hypertension, obesity, smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and minimal to no physical exercise. If untreated, CAD can lead to heart failure (Kones, 2011). Individuals with CAD may present to their primary care providers with symptoms such as: angina, shortness of breath, indigestion/heartburn, and dyspnea on exertion. Individuals develop CAD when plaque obstructs the coronary arteries
Mensah, G. A., Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Greenlund, K. J., & Croft, J. B. (2005, January 24). State of Disparities in Cardiovascular Health in the United States. Circulation. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/111/10/1233.short
Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect your heart. Diseases under the heart disease umbrella include blood vessel diseases, heart rhythm problems, and heart defects. The major cause of this is a build-up of fatty plaques in the arteries. Plaque build-up thickens and stiffens the vessel walls, which can inhibit blood flow through the arteries to organs and tissues.
Cardiovascular Disease is broad term that encompasses several diseases related to heart or blood vessels or both. Some of which include, congenital heart abnormalities, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, diseases of the cardiac valves, cardiomyopathies, and cancer. There are many causes of CVD but hypertension and atherosclerosis (hardening of the artery) are most common. It’s true when H.L. Menchen said, “As the arteries grow hard, the heart grows soft.”
Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. (social inequality, 2009). Heart disease is a structural or functional abnormality of the heart, or the blood vessel supplying the heart, that impairs its functioning. (free dictionary). Heart disease is also known as cardiovascular disease. Since there are many conditions related with heart disease. The most common types are coronary artery disease or damage in the heart’s major blood vessels, stroke or damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply, and high blood pressure or a condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls in too high. These conditions may lead to a heart attack. (mayo).
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. 13 million people are affected by this disease. CHD is also called Hardening of the Arteries, CAD. CHD is cause by the build-up of plaque in the arteries that connect to the heart. The build-up is caused by fat materials and other substances that form plaque. The plaque builds-up on the wall of the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries are responsible of the blood flow and oxygen that gets to the heart. The build-up of the fat materials causes the arteries to get narrow, this results in the blood flow and oxygen to the heart to slow down or even stop.
...r–that’s 1 in every 4 deaths. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women. More than half of the deaths due to heart disease in 2009 were in men. Coronary heart disease is the most common type of heart disease, killing more than 385,000 people annually. Every year about 715,000 Americans have a heart attack. Of these, 525,000 are a first heart attack and 190,000 happen in people who have already had a heart attack. Coronary heart disease alone costs the United States $108.9 billion each year. This total includes the cost of health care services, medications, and lost productivity. “Coronary artery disease. (2013) Texas Heart Institute” Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the US, affecting more than 13 million Americans. Coronary heart disease is a major health issue that should be treated right away.
Some of the key factors of heart disease are high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking. Half of Americans have one of these three risk factors. Center for Disease Control states that several other medical conditions and lifestyle choices can also put people at a higher risk for heart disease, including; diabetes, overweight and obesity, poor diet, poor physical activity and, excessive alcohol abuse (Americas heart disease burden, 2013). Heart disease is a group of diseases of the heart and the blood vessel system in the heart. Coronary heart disease is the most common type; it affects the blood vessels of the heart. African American women are more likely to die from heart disease than any other race because some say African-American women don’t get the same treatment as the white race will get.
How Do Economic Factors and Heart Disease Rates Relate in the New York Metropolitan Area?
Risk of heart disease and risk factors for heart disease are strongly linked to family history. For example, if a Mother have a stroke, the child the family is more likely to have one. Family history provides a picture of the environment and genetics in place when these diseases occurs. Genetics cannot be changed, so if a patient have a family history with heart disease, they must change their environment. Meaning lowering risks by changing behaviors that can increase chance of getting heart disease or stroke. Ways of changing behaviors are better eating habits, physical activities, and eliminating smoking. Examples of heart disease in both men and women are coronary artery disease, angina, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and...
...al conditions of cardiovascular disease that have been linked to obesity, including strokes, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. All of these conditions can be improved or prevented by the individual losing ten percent of their body weight. Physical activity also plays a crucial role in cardiovascular disease. Studies have shown that the greater the amount of physical activity, the less the chance for developing cardiovascular disease, even when other factors, such as Framingham’s scale, are accounted for. Regarding future research, a study further researching genetic and environmental links to cardiovascular disease would provide helpful information. Also, research studying the effects of physical activity after the onset of cardiovascular disease could be beneficial to determine if physical activity can improve patients’ conditions.
▪ Though not restricted to women, obesity and smoking are risk factors that can lead to diabetes and