Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It is a double stranded DNA virus indistinguishable from other members of the herpes virus group. It get its’ name from the mononuclear (single nucleus) cells. It is also known as the “kissing disease”, because the most frequent mode of transmission is intimate salivary contact. It can also be transmitted from shared drinking and eating utensils, toothbrushes, etc. Mono is not likely to spread by aerosol (ex. sneezing) or fomites (ex. doorknobs).
About half the population is not exposed to this virus until late adolescence. The peak incidence for girls is 14-16 and boys 16-18. After initial contact with the virus, there is an incubation period of 4-6 weeks and then the symptoms start appearing. Symptoms include fever, sore throat and lymph adenopathy (swollen and tender lymph nodes). Mono may be called glandular fever as well because of the swelling in the lymph nodes. Fevers can get as high as 102 degrees Fahrenheit and may remain high for 3-4 weeks. Other symptoms include enlargement of the spleen and liver, fatigue, loss of appetite, periorbital edema (swelling of the tissue around the eyes), petechiae (tiny bruising like spots on the roof of mouth), and a fine rash. The white blood cell and liver enzyme counts are elevated, and anemia can occur with low platelet counts.
Diagnosis is made based on the clinical picture and the hematological features. A sample of the patients’ blood is mixed with sheep’s blood and if the patient has mono, the sheep’s blood cells will stick together. Antibodies to sheep or horse red blood cells are positive in 90% of cases.
Mono is not a fatal disease, but there is no specific antiviral therapy. Doctors will most likely prescribe much rest. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are sometimes used to relieve aches and manage the fevers, but the use of aspirin is not recommended due to the link to Reye’s syndrome. Corticosteroids are used to reduce the amount of tonsillar swelling and intravenous rehydration is necessary. Patients are cautioned to avoid contact sports for 6 weeks after recovery to avoid the risk of spleen rupture.
Most cases of mono resolve without complication, but some rarely occur. Complications are tonsillar enlargement, which can cause respiratory obstruction; rupture of spleen; encephalitis, an infection of the brain tissue; Galen-Barer syndrome, a progressive and sequential worsening syndrome of weakness and paralysis; hemolytic anemia, the red blood cells are destroyed; uvetis, an eye involvement; myocarditis, an inflammation of heart muscle; pneumonia; hephritis, a kidney infection; and Reye’s syndrome; a severe neurological syndrome.
The Arctic Tundra is the biome where the Polar bear, Ursus maritimus, or the sea bear live. The climate over there is in the Arctic and is Earth's coldest, where it is treeless and covered with piles of snow and ice for the whole year until summer when it brings wildflowers. On the top of the mountain it is colder, windy, and rainfall is scant.
“GDP measures the monetary value of final goods and services—that is, those that are bought by the final user- produced in a country in a given period of time (a quarter or a year). It counts all of the output generated within the borders of a country.” (International Monetary Fund. n.d.)
The tundra is located at the top of the world near the North Pole. This huge habitat covers one fifth of the earth's surface.
Fever, chills, and night sweats. Fatigue and weakness. Loss of appetite and weight loss. Shortness of breath and chest pain.
There are many symptoms associated with infectious mononucleosis, but the symptoms all depend on the individual. The more common symptoms are fatigue, sore throat, swelling of the lymph nodes and malaise. There is usually a change in the white cells and serum of the blood, but it can only be detected by a special test, known as the Mono Spot or the heterophile test. It is possible that the results of the test remain negative until a few weeks have passed after seeing some symptoms. It is very rare that the test results remain negative through out the duration of the disease.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is one of the best ways to measure how a country’s economy is doing. A main component in figuring the GDP is personal consumption expenditures. Personal consumption expenditures accounts for about two-thirds of domestic
In fact, they cast many students, educators, and scholars about what they think about the gender stereotype about women. They need to know how the people feel about this society and how unfair women get treated. There are a logos of inequality when women are lack of political power because men take most of the decisions which affects negatively to women. For example, there are forty four presidential elections in U.S. from 1845 to now, but there are not any woman candidate involved in the election. Even though a lot of countries choose women to be leaders, but U.S. still not. They cast Garvin Newsom, who is the Lieutenant Governor of California, “If people knew that Cuba, China, Iraq, and Afghanistan have more women in government than the United States of America, that would get some people upset” (Newsom, Miss Representation). Besides the political power, they also cast students about the gender stereotype. Jean Kilbourne, who is high school student stated that “No matter what else women does and no matter what else her achievement, their values still depend on how
Fortunately, the most severe complications of the Mono virus are quite rare. Mono is rarely fatal in healthy people. The rare severe complications can include destruction of red blood cells, inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart, inflammation of the heart muscle, and an inflammation of the brain. Mono tends to be more aggressive in people with AIDS or those who take medications to suppress the functions of the immune system.
It is not difficult to document that poor children suffer a disproportionate share of deprivation, hardship, and bad outcomes. More than 16 million children in the United States – 22% of all children – live in families with incomes below the federal poverty level – $23,550 a year for a family of four. (Truman, 2005) Living in poverty rewires children 's brains and reports show that it produces prolonged effects. Also, growing up in a community with dangerous streets, gangs, confused social expectations, discouraging role models, and few connections to outsiders commanding resources becomes a burden for any child. The concern about the number of children living in poverty arises from our knowledge of the problems children face because of poverty.
A person who has been infected by the disease may experience signs of fatigue, loss of appetite, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and a red rash that appears blotchy. Generally the signs become present between ten and twenty-one days after the person has been exposed to and infected by the virus (Silverstein et al., 1998). This is what is known as the incubation period (Plum, J., 2001). The rash is most likely to begin on the chest, back, or the scalp, but will soon spread to the rest of the body. After a couple days of having physical evidence of the infection, the rash will s...
In order to determine if a person has bacterial meningitis blood and cerebrospinal fluid are collected and analyzed by a laboratory. Once it is confirmed that bacteria are present they are then cultured to determine what type of bacteria are present. This lets doctors know how to treat the disease.
Taking into consideration the two prior diseases, if the patient is diagnosed with mono but she or he has actually strep throat or vice versa: 1. If strep is not treated with antibiotics, kidney failure may occur as well as other repercussions. 2. If a patient with mono is prescribed antibiotics and resolve regular activities including contact sports, splenic rupture may occur. Even though they seem like two very simple diseases, the consequences can be fatal. It is very easy to misdiagnose a patient when the symptoms are so similar, therefore, it is wise to confirm diagnosis via other methods such as seeking for a second opinion, getting more medical tests, and researching more
A noteworthy avenue of exploration resides in understanding the maximum capability of life, derived from loving oneself. By the same token, the importance of self-appreciation reflects our choices in connections to society. Recognition of one’s strengths and weaknesses, whole heartedly accepting of flaws, converts vital for progression. For example, taking care of health, reflects a practice of self-love. In return, a rewarding contribution to your body, generating positive spirits, and self-esteem. Confidently impacting for the greater good, self-love liberates self-determination and perseverance. Without this elementary need, we are minimizing our potential growth. Again, once all criteria are met, a likelihood of uncovering innovative opportunities as well as a successful
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Ambiguity and uncertainty characterise New Zealand’s overall constitutional system. Along with constitutional and administrative law. Nonetheless, the phrase, “The Queen reigns but the Government rules”, stands as an overlying solid summary of it. This phrase demonstrates that as a Constitutional Monarchy, the real power actually lies within government with the support of the House of Representatives (the executive). Nonetheless, New Zealand’s legal architecture and constitutional arrangements aim to uphold elements of democracy, equality and justice. Different aspects of the overall constitutional system both allow and limit the upholding of said elements. Overall, these aspects include the three fundamental principles that dominate New Zealand’s