Introduction
Over the next few weeks I will be doing several attempts of the same experiment that involves the reaction of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid, I will be closely watching the reaction and how long in takes for the reactants to react. As yet I have not decided which of the several variables I will be changing. I also aim to take results of the reaction down onto a table, which then will be transferred onto a line graph, which will show us the nature of the reaction.
Variables
There are five factors which affect the rate of a reaction, according to the collision theory: temperature, concentration (of solution), pressure (in gases), surface are (of solid reactants), and catalysts. I have chosen to investigate the effect of temperature on the reactants.
Aim
To see the effects of a change in temperature and concentration we affect the rate of the reaction. The reaction that will be used is:
Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid
Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq).
Plan
I am going to investigate what happens when sodium thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid react.
As I have done this experiment before I have a good understanding of what I need to so hopefully nothing will go wrong, also I will be going back to results and information I used before the experiment to make sure I am doing everything right.
As I want to have a fair test, so that I get accurate results, I will make sure that all the main variables will stay the same all the way through the experiment, concentration of both solutions will be kept constant, as there is no gas the variable of pressure wont have an affect on this reaction, as I am using no solids the variable of suface area wont be a problem, and finally as I am not using a catalyst it wont have an effect on the reaction. As well as these things being important there is a more important aspect that I will need to take into account and that is my own safety, and the safety of my fellow pupils. To make sure I don’t endanger myself I will be using the following apparatus:
1 thermometer
1 beaker
2 measuring cylinders
1 conical flask
1 tripod
1 gauze
1 heatproof mat
1 stopwatch
1 Bunsen burner
1 pair of tongs
1 pair of goggles
To make it easy to follow when drawing graphs and when logging my data I will be using a table similar to this:
"When he had been the prize apprentice of Hancock's Wharf, the envy of all the other masters, the principal bread-winner of the Laphams (and he knew it), he had been quite a different boy from the arrogant, shabby young tramp of late summer and early fall." (pg. 126) As Johnny Tremain progressed through the book, Johnny Tremain, he experienced major changes in his personality, demeanor, and thoughts. These changes all led back to one major event in the young boy’s life, when Johnny burnt his hand, crippling it in the process. Johnny Tremain was a young apprentice for his master, Mr. Lapham, a silversmith. Because of the apprentices’ newly crippled hand, he had to learn to have a different outlook on life; therefore, changing him into a better person. As Johnny Tremain traveled throughout his life, he was changed from a boy to a man; he was no longer proud, callous, and temperamental - the signs of a boy - but instead he was humble, caring, and placid - true signs of a man.
People change main characters in many books. Johnny Tremain is no exception. In Johnny's case it was the Lyte and the Lapham families. Both the Lapham family and the Lyte family probably did not mean to change Johnny, but they did. Johnny was orphaned after his mother died but was able to stay in the Lapham's house and to be an apprentice to Mr. Lapham, an elderly silver smith who educated Johnny in this art. He was always Mr. Lapham's favorite because Johnny was the finest apprentice out of the three that were there until Dove, one of the apprentices, passed Johnny a cracked crucible. Johnny's thumb then got grown into his palm when he healed. After the injury, Mr. Lapham and the whole family found Johnny useless and queer (because of his thumb). " `Don't touch me! Don't touch me with that dreadful hand!' Issanah squealed." After then Johnny grasped the fact that he went from the top to the bottom in a matter of days. It taught him that nothing is forever. Furthermore, Mrs. Lapham a widowed mother of four, was probably the cruelest Lapham of all, after he got crippled. She told him that he was only good for picking rags. She also virtually shooed Johnny out of the house. This made Johnny go find a better life outside of the Lapham's shop. It also taught him to be independent. There is usually more than one family that changes a dynamic character like Johnny. The Lyte family also helped Johnny in his transformation. The Lyte's are Johnny's rich relatives that claim they are not related to Johnny. Johnny has a silver cup to prove his relation, but the Lytes still deny any relation to Johnny and claim that he stole the cup from them. When Johnny was first looking for a job, he thought he could go to the Lytes and ask for some money.
In the beginning of the novel, Johnny is an arrogant, pretentious, self-centered boy who cares only for himself. His experiences in the book shape him into a better person and role-model by the end of the story. In the movie, Johnny is portrayed as a compassionate boy from the start. He is given no character development. Esther Forbes took the time to incorporate all of Johnny’s feelings, hardships, and grudges. Johnny was the perfect example of how time can change a person in the book, while Johnny in the movie makes watchers think that you have to be perfect from the start. Johnny’s depiction influenced the overall message of the movie in this way. Johnny Tremain as a novel is a great story because it teaches how sometimes you need to forget your fears and stand up for what is right, but also it is okay to be afraid as well. Johnny Tremain by Disney jumps right into the heroics, without giving Johnny a chance to
This process allows us to determine the reaction order. When changing the concentration of the one particular reactant we are able to calculate the order based on the change in reaction rate.
For this experiment, you will add the measured amount of the first sample to the measured amount of the second sample into its respectively labeled test tube then observe if a reaction occurs. In your Data Table, record the samples added to each test tube, describe the reaction observed, if any, and whether or not a chemical reaction took place.
Johnny Cade is a small boy that manages to keep the peace in this rough group. A young boy with a kind heart is the glue that sticks to everyone and keeps them all together. It is said, without Johnny, The Greasers would all fall apart. “But, Johnny was the gang’s pet, and Dally just couldn’t hit him.” Ponyboy had said after Johnny told Dallas off without consequence.
will result in an increase in the speed of the rate of reaction it has
has on the rate of reaction. I will do this by recording the time it
Johnny the other main protagonist grew from his difficult experiences. Johnny was once Badly beaten by the Socs as a result of this he carried a switchblade and “Wouldn’t kill the next person who tried to hurt him” [pg 34]. When Ponyboy was being drowned by the socs Johnny jumped in and unintentionally killed the Soc.Even though he killed somebody he ended up saving Ponyboy.While Ponyboy and Johnny were hiding from the police they started to read “Gone with the wind” and Johnny became interested in the overall message of the book.From the book Johnny learned about “southern gentlemen and was amazed with their charm and kindness” Johnny didn’t care for reading or about school but being with Ponyboy helped him grow and he started to become interested in reading and learning. When Johnny was dying he told Ponyboy to “Stay gold” which was refering to a poem they read “Nothing gold can stay” By Robert Frost while they were at the church in hiding.Johnny grew from his difficulties and by spending time with
My aim is to see the effects of a change in temperature on the rate of
The aim of this investigation is to: 1) find the rate equation for the reaction between hydrogen peroxide, potassium iodide and sulphuric acid by using the iodine stop clock method and plotting graphs of 1/time against concentration for each variable. Then to find the activation energy by carrying out the experiment at different temperatures using constant amounts of each reactant and then by plotting a graph of in 1/t against I/T, 3) to deduce as much information about the mechanism as possible from the rate equation.
Materials: For the virtual experiment, a computer, Internet, calculator and access to Late Nite Labs were needed.
• An increase in the temperature of the system will increase the rate of reaction. Again, using the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution diagram, we can see how the temperature affects the reaction rate by seeing that an increase in temperature increases the average amount of energy of the reacting particles, thus giving more particles sufficient energy to react.
Before conducting my experiment I will research into, amongst other things, the factors that affect the rate of a reaction. This is so that I may enough information to understand the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction and also gain appropriate understanding to make a suitable prediction as to what the outcome of my experiment will be.
The rate of reaction is how quickly or slowly reactants in chemical reactants turn into products. A low reaction rate is when the reaction takes a long time to take place; hence, a reaction that occurs quickly has a high reaction rate. A rate refers to how slow or quick the product is produced. It is possible to control the rate of chemical reactions and speed up or slow down the rate of chemical reactions by altering three main factors which are temperature, concentration and the surface area. When the temperature of the reactants increases, the molecules vibrate at a more intense speed therefore colliding with each other more frequently and with increased energy resulting in a greater rate of reaction. Accordingly, as the temperature decreases the molecules will move slower, colliding less frequently and with decreased energy resulting in the rate of reaction decreasing. Concentration is how much solute is dissolved into a solution and is also a factor that affects the rate of reaction. When the concentration is greater this means there is an increased amount of reactant atoms and molecules resulting in a higher chance that collisions between molecules will occur. A higher collision rate means a higher reaction rate. Consequently at lower concentrations there are reduced chances of the molecules colliding resulting in a lower reaction rate. The measurement of how much an area of a solid is exposed is called the surface area. The quicker a reaction will occur the more finely divided the solid is. For example, a powdered solid will usually have a greater rate of reaction in comparison to a solid lump that contains the same mass for it has a lower surface area than the powdered solid.