Burns
Epidemiology:
US – 2M seek serious burns  70k require hospitalizations, 5k die
Usually caused by careless and ignorance, nearly half are smoking or alcohol -related.
Goal: well healed durable skin with normal function and near-normal appearance.
Pathology
Cutaneous burns – caused primarily by the application of heat to the skin resulting in coagulative necrosis of some or all of the epidermis and dermis.
Depth of burn – depends on heat of the burn source, thickness of the skin, duration of contact, and the blood flow.
Classifications:
Shallow burns
• First Degree – involve only the epidermis; no blisters; painful and erythematous due to dermal vasodilation; erythema and pain subsides in 2-3 days; desquamation occurs in day 4
• Superficial Dermal Burns (Second Degree) - include the upper layer of the dermis; form blisters at the interface of the epidermis and dermis; when blisters are removed, wound is pink and wet, and currents of air passing over it cause pain; wound is hypersensitive and blanches with pressure; if without infection, spontaneous healing in 5% TBSA in any age group
5. Electrical burns including lightning injury
6. Chemical injury
7. Inhalation injury
8. Burns of any size in patients with pre-existing medical disorders that could complicate management, prolong recovery, or affect mortality
9. Burns with concomitant mechanical trauma (e.g. fractures) where the burn injury poses the greatest risk of morbidity and mortality
10. Burns in children if there are no qualified personnel or equipment for pediatric care at the initial hospital
11. Burns in patients requiring special social, emotional, and/or long-term rehabilitative support, including cases of suspected child abuse, substance abuse, etc
Emergency Care
Airway – initial attention must be directed to this; if patient is rescued from a burning building or exposed to a smoky fire, place on 100% oxygen by tight-fitting mask; if patient unconscious, place ET tube attached to a source of 100% oxygen
Once airway is secured, assess patient for other injuries and transport to the nearest hospital. Begin fluid administration of crystalloid solution at a rate of approximately 1L/h. Wrap patient in clean sheet, remove constricting clothing and jewelries.
Cold application is used in smaller burns, particularly scalds. Ice should not be used.
Assessment of Inhalational Injury - suspect for patients with a flame burn, esp in enclosed space. Hoarseness and expiratory wheezes are signs of potentially serious airway edema or smoke poisoning; inspect mouth for swelling, blisters, soot; copious mucus production and carbonaceous sputum are signs of smoke inhalation and other products of combustion; get ABGs and carboxyhemoglobin levels (if >1, smoke inhalation)
This module of study has focused on many aspects of human health, anatomy, and the disease process. It has included such topics as the human organ systems, the mechanism of disease and the resulting disruption of homeostasis, the integumentary system, and the musculoskeletal system. The following case studies explore how burn classification will affect treatment, how joint injuries can disrupt mobility, and last, how a sedentary lifestyle can contribute to a decline in a person’s health status. The importance of understanding disease and knowing when to seek treatment is the first step toward enjoying a balanced and healthy life.
Skin lesions are often difficult to assess only by visual inspection. Diagnostic testing, a history related to chief complaint and a provider’s experience may all be necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis. Diagnostic testing for presentations similar to this are not common, unless the lesion becomes persistent or reoccurring. In this case, the primary provider had the experience to ascertain the cause. The student could only categorize it as a skin lesion from possible
Wounds is a broad term that includes many other types. It is very important to know the proper and scientific method to care for wounds as well as knowing the types of them. Moreover, nurses must familiar with each type of wound, risk factors, prevention, and treatment. However, wounds may have a different range in skin breaks such as trauma, injury, cut, incision, and laceration. Skin prevention is the first step of preventing any break to occur in the skin. The various types of wounds, method of treatment and healing are mainly depending on their conditions. This assignment will include chronic wounds, which are diabetic ulcer, venous ulcer, and pressure ulcers.
Sexuality in society can be learned by two ways: by looking at it from an individual perspective or looking at society as a whole.
Over the past couple centuries that the United States has existed, society has always had a judgement to make on one’s sexuality. At the head of society has consistently been white, Christian, hetereosexual males; therefore, they had the power to define sexual and societal norms. As a result, judgements on one’s sexuality have always intersected with one’s race, class or gender, groups of people that are not dominating society.
2) Swelling 3) Pus like draining. 4) Tender areas 5) An area of the skin that is cooler and warmer
This could relate as well to how sexual acts are perceived. Notice the common theme of deviance throughout the two excerpts. As described before, Alfred Kinsey, a well-regarded sex researcher of the 20th century, researched the borders between normalcy and deviance, noting that deviance is a societal construct that was used to control sexuality. Researcher Gayle Rubin even constructed a sex hierarchy, a charmed circle consisting of good, normal and natural sexuality versus that of what is seen as deviant, bad, unnatural and damned, naming things such as BDSM, homosexuality, and non-marital sex and so on. Though, it can be argued that these hierarchies aren’t obscene in any means but rather dependent on the individual to label as they see such.
The first accident occurred on a 61-year old woman who was at a follow-up appointment after a breast tumor was removed. She felt a burning sensation and told the operator “you burned me”. She developed swelling and reddening, but the AECL declared this a normal treatment reaction and not a machine malfunction. Her condition wor...
Feminist theory examines sexuality through a lens that is very critical of male-dominated power structures that perpetuate the subordination of women. Many feminist scholars argue that the institution of heterosexuality itself is a construct, or “a beachhead of male dominance” (p. 633), according to Adrienne Rich in her essay “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence” (1980). From a feminist theoretical standpoint, humans develop sexuality as their gender identities develop: “our sexual desires, feelings, and preferences are deeply imprinted by our gender status” (Seidman, 2003, p. 18). This relates to Rich’s notion of compulsory heterosexuality - a facet of feminist theory that claims women are forced into heterosexual roles by a male-dominated
“Living with Burn Trauma,” an online article, states that “human skin is the largest organ of the body.” It provides many functions which assist humans to survive. What happens if this vital organ is destroyed? This is a question with which thousands of Americans are challenged annually. In the United States alone, 4,000 people die in burn accidents or from complications of burn injuries (“Prevention”). One common misconception is that burn victims have all come into contact with flames. Burns result from fires, electricity, hot liquids, chemicals, and even ultraviolet rays. Seeking medical attention for a proper diagnosis is critical to ensuring quality treatment and management of burns. Burn Centers have been established to help patients adapt to life after burns, which can be a great challenge. In today’s society, hospitals and medical professionals can treat burn victims, but the best remedy for burns is prevention.
Sexuality is a fundamental part of our self-discovery, involving much more than just being genetically or anatomically male and female and it is not defined solely by one 's sexual acts (Ministry of Education 1989, p.79 cited in Gourlay, P 1995). The notion that sexuality is fixed and innate disregards the social aspects that impact ones’ sexualities. Gagnon and Simon (1973) further commented that sexuality is a feature of social
2) Small portions of the body (an arm, a foot, maybe the head) remain unburned.
The symptoms experienced by Carlton are in the group of the cardinal signs of inflammation that have been identified for centuries (Grossman & Porth, 2014). Carlton’s wound is in the first stage, the inflammatory phase, of acute inflammation, which is the beginning of a complex, regulated, and critical process of immunologic events (Rosique, Rosique, & Farina Junior, 2015). There are two main types of stimuli that cause this kind of biological and immunological reaction: physical injury and microbial infection (Qian et al., 2016).
In a kit there should be bandages, gauze, scissors, medical tape, burn cream, butterfly stitches, and some type of fever reducer/pain reliever. If the first aid kit is more advanced, there are more items that cover more scenarios. As previously mentioned, there might be an Epipen and Narcan as well as items to make a tourniquet or even a tracheotomy kit. Cuts and scrapes require thorough cleaning with an antiseptic solution and then a clean bandage or dressing to prevent dirt and debris from entering the wound. If there is an incident involving a burn, you must first assess the situation and determine the extent of the burn. A simple red area is a first-degree burn and only requires burn cream if the patient is uncomfortable. First degree burns are most common as a sunburn. A second degree burns blister and turns red. Do not pop the blister but cover the area to protect it and see a medical professional if it is very uncomfortable. Beyond a second degree burn, the victim should remain calm and seek medical treatment. If the skin is black or missing have the victim lie still and do not touch the affected area. Wait for help to arrive to treat the area. If you suspect a victim is having a heart attack or a stroke you should try to get them to lie still and call 911 if they are alert. If they become unconscious you should check their breathing and pulse. If they are not breathing or do not have a pulse you should begin CPR and call 911
... decades ago. This book is one that will allow the reader to view many aspects of sexuality from a social standpoint, and apply it to certain social attitudes in our society today, these attitudes can range from the acceptance of lesbian and gays, and the common sight of sex before marriage and women equality. The new era of sexuality has taken a definite "transformation" as Giddens puts it, and as a society we are living in the world of change in which we must adapt, by accepting our society as a changing society, and not be naive and think all the rules of sexuality from our parents time our still in existence now.