dynamics of founder effect
Populations are divided by geographic boundaries, confining a specific region/group of people to share and distribute its genetic traits within themselves without outward influence. The size of these populations is dependant upon whether certain mountains, rivers, deserts, oceans, or other extreme geographical, cultural, or technological conditions determine the tendency for isolation or migration. Most modern populations were originally settled by a relatively small handful of people that for whatever reason migrated to a new uninhabited area, and then multiplied. The genetic code of those founding individuals largely determines the genetic code of future generations, making that area distinctive having it’s future generations genetic code modeled after the original founders.
Analyzing the founders of populations requires written or physical evidence to identify any possible founder of a population. So to analyze modern founding fathers is relatively easier in comparison to older founding fathers because of a lack of physical evidence for older populations. For a recently founded population such as the French settlers that migrated to the Chicoutimi region of Quebec, Canada in the 1940’s there is a collection of written knowledge about it’s inhabitants over that time. That information can identify the specifics person/persons that might have founded that population. Other populations that we have a large collection of knowledge regarding its founders include white Australians, African-Americans, as well as certain Caribbean populations. In contrast, trying to determine the founding fathers whom settled North America from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago is much more difficult because there is so little recorded evidence and knowledge of that time period. This makes it difficult to determine the founders of the large populations we know today. Equatorial Africa was occupied by mostly Bushmen and Pygmies until about two thousand years ago, when the Bantu speaking people of the Congo region developed agriculture, iron, and domesticated animals. Following those advances the small number of Bantu multiplied until they overran half the African continent, pushing the Pygmies and Bushmen into areas unsuitable for farmland. The Bantu peoples thereby founded the entire gene pool of subequatorial Africa anew a mere 2,000 years ago. Europe’s founding fathers came largely within two migrations: one being farmers form the Near East about eight thousand years ago settling largely along the Mediterranean; the second being from Southern Russia about six thousand years ago populating northern and western Europe.
The genetic traits of the founders of a population can be positive, negative, or neutral.
Designed to “reinvent the phone,” Apple’s iPhone has revolutionized smartphones and shaped the industry into what it is today. The first iPhone mixed a capacitive 3.5-inch multitouch display with touch-optimized software in a simple package that was unlike anything else on the market. Apple has used combinations of metal, plastic, and glass to shape and form its ideas of what a modern smartphone should look like throughout the history of the iPhone. Major redesigns
The book The Banker’s New Clothes: What’s Wrong with Banking and What to Do About It was wriiten out of necessity after the worst economic downturn in the United States in more than eighty years. The massive breakdown of the United States housing market in 2006 and 2007 had overwhelming consequences on domestic and global economies and devastated the global banking systems. Between 2001 and 2006, many large financial institutions had accumulated large positions in the subprime mortgage market that gave out superb returns. Asset prices in this market inflated to unreasonable levels due to the quality of the loans being packaged and sold by commercial bankers and would soon create a major asset bubble in the markets. The bursting of the housing
This is because the theory suggested that the traits would be more common through generations if the environment did not make it less common. In other w...
From 2007 to 2011, the iPhone, 3G and 4 helped Apple sustainably positioning them self in the smart phone market. By creating a strong brand name of not only provide the most powerful device with full of latest technology (iTunes, smartphone with cameras, Face time, tough screen, high definition screen, etc.) but also make their customer’s life easier and better. As Steve Jobs pointed out that “market share wasn’t everything”, by outsourcing manufacturing Apple design their manufacturing efficiency which lower their cost; by historically paid attention to research and development, Apple spent a lot of money on their R&D investment year after year, which made them have the ability to innovation from concept to market. They know what customer want and design base on that.
The majority of scientific work in genetics and genomic sequencing has been done in the last 155 years. In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species where he proposed evolution by natural selection. Evolution is the change of inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.Yet, the principals of genetics required to explain how characters are ...
Apple’s iPhone is recognizable across the entire globe. In today’s technological age, many people own, or have owned, an iPhone. An iPhone can be used for many tasks that will make one’s life easier. Some of the features of the iPhone include: emailing, texting, browsing the Internet, calling, and many more. Every year, people around the world line up at their nearest Apple store or phone provider to buy the next yearly installment of the device. The geographic information about the iPhone, such as where it is produced, where it is consumed, and what environmental impact it possesses, is extremely interesting.
Mullard, M. (2012). The Credit Rating Agencies and Their Contribution to the Financial Crisis. The Political Quarterly, 83, 77-95
Companies whose success and continuous operation prove vital to the economy and financial systems should receive auditor scrutiny and regulation oversight. It is clear that Lehman Brothers required oversight and possible prohibition of its liabilities financing practices using repo borrowing. Likewise, AIG deserved more review of its credit swap business practices. The negligence of these institutions cost the United States and foreign economies billions of dollars. The federal government chose not to intervene on Lehman Brothers’ behalf, for reasons that some say are inconsistent with other bailout decisions (Smith, 2011). However, the government did find that an AIG failure would constitute systemic risk and chose to rescue the insurance company. The government created incentives to increase depositor confidence by guaranteeing market-based fund-raising. The financial crisis of 2008 offered lessons learned to both government and banking
The oil and gas industry has seen its share of disasters through the years, but on July 6, 1988, disaster struck the North Sea in a fashion that had never been witnessed at any other time during the history of the industry. The legacy of the Occidental Piper Alpha, which sat 474 feet above the sea floor and was operated by Occidental Petroleum, had come to a tragic end taking 167 souls with it. The oil and gas platform was the most productive in the North Sea at the time it was destroyed by fire. It was the disaster of the Piper Alpha that prompted many changes in the oil and gas industry and exposed what could go terribly wrong if procedures were not to be followed correctly. The disaster has also changed the design of today’s oil platforms, making them safe as possible.
In terms of looking at how credit rating agencies affected the market as a whole, they played a role within the mortgage crisis as they gave way to a real estate credit bubble. The mortgage crisis seems to have b...
There is a significant difference of opinion about teenagers today that comes from teenagers themselves and the adult population. A good majority of the young people today view themselves as relatively responsible people. A lot of them are inquisitive and are eager to learn new things. Many are committed to a drug-free lifestyle, and there are a lot of students who achieve very high grades. Most adults' view on teen behavior is very different. Of course, there is a percentage of youth that is very immature, lazy, unorganized, disrespectful, and careless, etc. (The list could go on and on.); but, unfortunately, it is the bad qualities that stay in the minds of many adults and elders.
In 2007, Apple designed the first touch screen phone and it was a huge change and after three years, everyone wants to buy touch screen phone and Apple became the super star of the smartphone market. Apple’s unique designs changed the definition of fashion in the smartphone world, sine then, apple become the leader of smartphone market.
Brazilian Carnival History is more in-depth and more interesting than many people might think. There is a lot more to Carnival than simply parties. The pre-Lent festivities known as carnival originated in Italy in the 1400s. The tradition spread rapidly among Catholic countries in Europe and was in the end adopted in the Americas, taking hold especially in the devoutly Catholic nation of Brazil. The Carnival of Brazil is a festival annually held Friday to Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, which marks the beginning of Lent, the forty-day period before Easter. On certain days of Lent, Roman Catholics and some other Christians traditionally restrain themselves from the consumption of meat and poultry. This is where the term "carnival" comes from, carnelevare, which means "to remove meat." Carnival has roots in the pagan festival of Saturnalia which was adopted in Catholicism becoming a goodbye to things in a season of religious discipline to practice repentance and prepare for Christ's death and resurrection. The Brazilian Carnival has gone from being just a party before the silence of Lent to being a major production. It can be traced back to Christian traditions, African influences and Brazilian Indians. Each part of Brazil has developed its own particular style for Carnival.
The very first iPhone was announced by the founder of Apple, Steve Jobs, in 2007. His vision was to reinvent the phone. iPhones have revolutionized smartphones and have shaped the cell phone industry into what it is today. On January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs put together an incredible keynote presentation. He stated that he would be “introducing a wide-screen ipod with touch controls, a revolutionary mobile phone, and a breakthrough Internet device” (Ritchie, 2015). The audience assumed that this meant that Mr. Jobs would be launching three separate devices. However, it was only one device, the iPhone. Within the past 7 years, Apple has been able to tweak its iPhones by incorporating major redesigns. These redesigns use combinations
Migration and settlement are two key elements to the evolution of the humankind. They are connected, yet separate because they simultaneously work to evolve the human race while accomplishing different goals. Therefore, the values of both migration and settlement lie in different corners of evolution of humankind. Due to the fact that the value of migration lies in only the physical transfer of people, culture and ideas while the value of settlement lies in the actual assimilation of people, culture, and ideas, settlement bears a slightly larger value in the advancement of humankind.