Chemistry and Synaptic Transmitters
The most common psychoactive substances can be divided into
depressants (i.e., alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics), stimulants (i.e.,
cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy), opioids (i.e., morphine and heroine),
and hallucinogens (i.e., PCP, LSD, cannabis). The brain has different
effects to different psychoactive substances. They bind to different
receptor types, and can increase or decrease the activity of neurons
through several different mechanisms. Consequently, these
psychoactive substances have different behavioral effects, different
rates of development of tolerance, different withdrawal symptoms, and
different short-term and long-term effects (Vaccarino & Rotzinger,
2004).
In this team project we will take a closer look at the
hallucinogen, LSD by explaining the chemistry and route of access of
LSD, synaptic transmitters and the parts of neurons affected,
inhibitory/excitatory potential changes, physiological changes, primary
behavior changes, side effects of behavior changes, and effects
reported by users.
LSD is considered to be one of, if not the, most potent
hallucinogenic drug known (Leicht, 1996). To understand LSD first we
will give a brief history of how LSD came into existence.
In 1938, Albert Hoffman was an employee in the pharmacological
department of Sandoz, in Basel, Switzerland. Hoffman was studying
derivatives of lysergic acid, including systematically reacting the acid
group with various reagents, to produce the corresponding amides,
anhydrides, esters, etc. One of these derivatives was the
diethylamide, made by addition of the –NC2H5)2 group, and it was
named LSD-25. But the new substance didn’t appear to have any
particularly useful medical properties, although the research report
noted, in passing, that “the experimental animals became restless
during the narcosis”. (May, 1998). LSD was not looked at for the next
five years until Hoffman couldn’t get this new substance out of his
mind and decided to reexamine LSD. Hoffman stated: “A peculiar
presentiment- the feeling that this substance could possess properties
other than those established in the first investigations- induced me,
five years after the first synthesis, to produce LSD-25 once again so
that a sample could be given to the pharmacological department for
further tests.” So, in the spring of 1943, he repeated the synthesis of
LSD-25. Hoffman is quoted in his laboratory journal on April 19, 1943.
17:00: Beginning dizziness, feelings of anxiety, visual distortions,
American Airlines and US Airways are in the aviation industry. Both companies provide air transportation services for passengers and freight. Together they have formed American Airlines Group, Inc., the world’s largest airline, as measured by revenue passenger miles (RPMs) and available seat miles (ASMs). In 2012 the U.S. airline industry was worth approximately $195billion in operating revenue, up from $154billion in 2009, including an operating fleet of 3,451 aircraft.1
These intensely hot products of summer are overflowing with flavour and lycopene – an antioxidant that may secure against a few cancers. They additionally convey a wealth of vitamins A and C, potassium, and phytochemicals.
This is the historic background of an American Airline company called the Southwest Airlines Co. based in Dallas which still exists and operates with great success between 57 cities in 26 states of the US, by over 300 airplanes , providing primarily short-haul, high frequency, point to point, low fare service . Through this essay we will see an analysis of the company’s advantages and disadvantages through a SWOT Analysis. We will try to localize the problems of the company at the time and in the case of a future expansion, and we will try to give a number of alternative solutions and chose one of them. The Southwest Airlines is a company that has done its first movements in the airline world in 1971 after many efforts for its opening through legal battles with competitors that did not believe that there was any particular reason why the another airline company should exist among all the others already existing. The different things that the new airline company provided were many and very interesting. The idea started from two friends Rolling King, and investment advisor, and Herb Kelleher, his lawyer, who met in order to discuss the idea of Rolling King for a low-fare, no- frills airline to fly between three major cities in Texas. The outcome of this discussion was in reality the decision of the two men to go for something that they believed would work, even though they were not positive about that. After all the legal battles between the two men and the airline companies of Texas at the time who believed it was not necessary for another airline company to enter the market, battles that prevented the operation of the company for three whole years, Southwest Airlines Co. had become a reality. Other legal battles followed in the future that justified the Southwest Airlines but left the company broke, while during the first year of its operations made losses and the earnings for the next half a year were balancing with costs. Gladly the recovery came soon and by 1978 Southwest Airlines was one of the most profitable in the country. Later on, Southwest Airlines Co. managed to provide airline transportation in eight more cities in Texas and dominated the Texas market, with low prices and frequent departures. Today the Southwest Airlines Co. is a very big domestic airline company, the fourth in the US. We will now have a small analysis of the company’s environme...
The merger has had fundamentally consequences for the two companies, but also for their competitors, airports...
Merging of the American Airlines with US Airways created the largest merge of its kind in the year 2013. The merge was in the tune of $17 billion (Karp 1). The newly formed airline company from this merge is hence the largest airline operating on earth. The newly established airline corporation is officially referred to as American Airlines as it chose to inherit the name from the former American Airlines.
In an education voucher system, students are given "vouchers" for the tuition of any private or public school that accepts transfer students. Parents must pay the remainder of the tuition of the school to which they send their child if it exceeds the maximum amount of the voucher, which is usually around $3000. While the specifics of these programs vary, these statements hold true for the only two voucher programs currently in effect, in Cleveland and Wisconsin.
Southwest Airlines has come from an underdog to being one of the best airlines in the industry. This reputation translates from its strategic management of resources. The Co-founder and former CEO, Herb Kelleher, established a unique corporate culture that leads to high customer satisfaction, employees’ morale, and one of the most profitable airlines in the industry (Jackson et al., 2012). The corporate culture concentrates on empowerment the workforce. It shows through Southwest Airlines core values that “happy employees lead to happy customers, which create happy shareholders” (Jackson et al., 2012). Since its first grand opening in 1971, Southwest Airlines has shown steady growth, and now carries more passengers than any other low-cost carrier in the world (Wharton, 2010). To expand the business operations, Southwest Airlines took over AirTran in 2010 as a strategy to gain more market share for the Southeast region and international flights. However, the acquisition of AirTran brought upcoming challenges both internally and externally for Southwest Airlines. In this case analysis, the objectives are focusing on the change process post the merger with AirTran, and evaluating alternatives to address the impacts of the merger.
What is it that makes us human? Is it our actions, our sense of purpose, or our ability to keep our mind on as well as perform complex tasks? Is it that we analyze our own mental processes, as well as the processes of others? What exactly is a mental state, and what creates it? Is it a level of attentiveness, an impulse, or an emotional state? What is it that allows us to experience these things? The answers all lie within our brains.
1- Issues The main issue of this case is the lack of profits of the airline industry, an industry that should be more than profitable due to the large amount of customers, the necessity of using airlines’ services and the high prices charged by most of these airlines. What we are going to deal with is, why is this happening? And how is American airlines dealing with this problem?. To be able to discuss how American airlines wants to regain profitability, we must identify and analyse different issues such as, the company’s background, the airline industry as a whole, the demand for air travel, the marketing strategies, the distribution systems, pricing policies etc.
Neurobiology is a theory that deals with the brain and your nerves. It determines if you are a left or right brain person. One of the theorists is named Roger Sperry. He was a very big neurobiologist. A disease that deals with this theory is ADD/ADHD.
Basic Physiology of a Neuron and How it Fires Describe the basic physiology of a neuron. Detail the manner in which neurons fire action potentials and how neurons communicate with one another across synapses. Outline the process of how an action potential occurs and how it propagates down an axon. Explain how chemical transmission occurs at synapses and how this allows neurons to activate or inhibit one another. Picture from "Answer to Neuron Structure" Neurons are the basic units of the brain.
In some rare cases, some people possess a gene that blocks and prevents HIV. According to an article in the Wall Street Journal, some people are born with a rare mutated gene that inactivates the "CCr5" gene, which is crucial for the HIV virus to infiltrate immune system cells. Without this gene activated, the HIV cannot infect the person. Some researchers believe that this rare gene came about as a mutation in Europe during the era in which of bubonic plague came about (2...
The nervous is considered to be the master controlling the systems of the body. The way it does this is to communicate through nervous impulse which is very rapid and very specific. The nervous system consist of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). The peripheral nervous system consists of the cranial nervous, spinal nerves and ganglia. The peripheral nervous system can also be broking down into two categories which are somatic nervous system and parasympathetic system. On the other hand the central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. (fleming-Mcphillips, 2011)
Additionally, deregulation and liberalization has accompanied the globalization of the airline industry, so that companies have had to compete against each other in new markets, as well as to gain entry into new territories. The rise of low cost local and regional airlines has made the competitive environment difficult to maneuver for large, formerly-state-subsidized national carriers. This has resulted in the need for strategic alliances between airlines in order to attempt to protect market shares and profits (Friehe and Curti, n.d.).